ARTICLE I - NATIONAL TERRITORY

Section 1. National Territory

The national territory of the Federal Republic of the Philippines comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Republic exercises sovereignty or jurisdiction. It includes its terrestrial, fluvial, archipelagic, aerial, maritime, and submarine domains.

The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines, subject to rights and obligations recognized under international law.

Section 2. Archipelagic Doctrine and International Law

The Philippines adopts and upholds the archipelagic doctrine as the fundamental basis of its national territory, consistent with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS) and generally accepted principles of international law.

The State shall exercise sovereignty, sovereign rights, and jurisdiction over its archipelagic waters, territorial sea, airspace, seabed, subsoil, and other maritime zones, in a manner consistent with its constitutional mandate and international obligations.

Section 3. Maritime Zones

The maritime zones of the Federal Republic of the Philippines, as recognized under international law, include but are not limited to:

a. The Territorial Sea;

b. The Contiguous Zone;

c. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ); and

d. The Continental Shelf, including the Extended Continental Shelf where applicable.

Within these zones, the State shall exercise sovereignty, sovereign rights, and jurisdiction, and shall protect, conserve, and sustainably utilize marine, mineral, energy, and living resources for the benefit of present and future generations.

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Section 4. West Philippine Sea and Maritime Entitlements

The Federal Republic of the Philippines affirms and shall steadfastly defend its sovereignty, sovereign rights, and jurisdiction over all maritime areas forming part of its exclusive economic zone and continental shelf in the West Philippine Sea, as determined in accordance with United Nations Commission for Law of the Seas (UNCLOS) and as affirmed by binding international adjudication and recognized legal instruments.

The State shall pursue the peaceful resolution of disputes, uphold freedom of navigation and overflight consistent with international law, and protect its maritime entitlements through diplomatic, legal, defensive, and other lawful means.

Section 5. Historic Rights and Territorial Claims

The Federal Republic of the Philippines maintains its historic and legal claim over North Borneo (Sabah), founded upon historical title, treaties, agreements, and the succession of sovereignty derived from the Sultanate of Sulu.

Such claim shall be pursued peacefully, diplomatically, and in accordance with international law, without prejudice to regional peace, mutual respect, and friendly relations with neighboring States.

Section 6. Airspace and Subsurface Domains

The national territory includes the airspace above, as well as the seabed, subsoil, and all submarine areas beneath the internal waters, archipelagic waters, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, and continental shelf of the Philippines.

The State shall exercise full control, regulation, and jurisdiction over these domains, consistent with this Constitution, national law, and international commitments.

Section 7. Federal Territorial Organization

The national territory shall be politically and administratively organized into Federal Regions and Autonomous Regions, and their constituent provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays, as provided by this Constitution and by law.

This organization shall promote genuine regional autonomy, balanced national development, subsidiarity, accountability, effective governance, and the unity and indivisibility of the Republic.

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Section 8. Federal and Autonomous Regions

For purposes of constitutional recognition and national organization, the Federal Republic shall initially consist of the following twenty (20) Federal and Autonomous Regions, without prejudice to future reorganization through constitutional processes:

• Ilocos Federal Region

• Cagayan Valley Federal Region

• Cordillera Autonomous Region

• Central Luzon Federal Region

• National Capital Federal Region

• Calabarzon Federal Region

• Mimaropa Federal Region

• Bicol Federal Region

• Eastern Visayas Federal Region

• Western Visayas Federal Region

• Negros Island Federal Region

• Central Visayas Federal Region

• Northern Mindanao Federal Region

• Caraga Federal Region

• Lanao Autonomous Region

• Zamboanga Peninsula Federal Region

• Davao Federal Region

• Soccsksargen Federal Region

• Maguindanao Autonomous Region

• Sulu Autonomous Region

The powers, functions, structures, fiscal authority, and intergovernmental relations of these Regions shall be defined by this Constitution and by their respective Organic Acts enacted by the Federal Legislature.

National sovereignty, territorial integrity, and the supremacy of the Federal Government shall at all times be preserved. Secession, dismemberment of the Republic, or any act tending toward the fragmentation of the State is prohibited and shall be dealt with in accordance with this Constitution and full force of the law.

Section 9. Protection of Territorial Integrity

The State shall preserve and defend the national territory and all its domains against external aggression, encroachment, coercion, or unlawful exploitation.

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It shall maintain capable military and civilian defense institutions, pursue strategic alliances and partnerships, and uphold the principles of peaceful coexistence, international cooperation, and the rule of law.

Section 10. Constitutional Supremacy Over Territory

All treaties, laws, executive acts, administrative regulations, and international agreements affecting the national territory shall be interpreted and implemented in a manner consistent with this Constitution, national interest, and the dignity, sovereignty, and collective will of the Filipino people.

ARTICLE II - STATE PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES

Section 1. Nature of the State

The Federal Republic of the Philippines is a democratic, republican, federal, and constitutional State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them.

The State shall be governed under a Federal–Presidential–Unicameral system of government, ensuring effective leadership, democratic accountability, national unity, and regional autonomy within an indivisible Republic.

Section 2. Supremacy of the Constitution and Rule of Law

The Constitution is supreme over all persons, institutions, and territories of the Republic. The rule of law shall prevail throughout the national territory, including all land, air, maritime, and submarine domains as defined in Article I.

No act of government, whether federal or regional, shall impair national sovereignty, territorial integrity, or constitutional supremacy.

Section 3. Integrity of National Territory

The State affirms the inviolability, unity, and indivisibility of the national territory as defined in Article I of this Constitution.

Federalism shall not be construed as a grant of sovereignty to any Region. All Federal and Autonomous Regions derive their authority solely from this Constitution and remain integral components of a single, sovereign Republic.

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Section 4. National Defense and Military-Police Force

The State affirms its inherent right to defend the national interest, security and people’s welfare with an organized and capable military-police force, but limit war as instrument of national policy in cases of invasion, armed intrusion, secession and rebellion.

It shall protect its land, waters, airspace, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf, and all other maritime and aerial domains through lawful, defensive, diplomatic, and strategic means consistent with international law.

Section 5. Adherence to International Law

The Philippines adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land, provided that such principles do not diminish national sovereignty, territorial integrity, or constitutional supremacy.

International agreements affecting national territory, maritime entitlements, or sovereign rights shall be subject to constitutional review and national interest.

Section 6. Peaceful Settlement of Disputes

The State shall pursue the peaceful settlement of international and domestic disputes through diplomacy, arbitration, adjudication, and other lawful means.

Nothing in this provision shall be interpreted as a waiver of sovereign rights, historic claims, or maritime entitlements as defined in Article I.

Section 7. Civilian Supremacy and National Defense

Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military.

The Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be the protector of the people, the Constitution, and the national territory. Its primary duty is to secure the sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the national domain.

Section 8. Federalism, Subsidiarity, and National Unity

The State adopts federalism as a means to empower Regions, promote subsidiarity, accelerate development, and correct historical imbalances, while preserving national unity and territorial integrity.

Federal and Autonomous Regions shall exercise self-governance only within the bounds of this Constitution and national law.

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Section 9. Prohibition of Secession and Fragmentation

Secession, rebellion aimed at dismemberment, or any act tending toward the fragmentation of the Republic is prohibited.

The State shall employ constitutional, legal, political, economic, and, when necessary, military-police force to preserve the unity and continuity of the Federal Republic of the Philippines.

Section 10. National Interest and Strategic Autonomy

In all matters affecting national territory, maritime zones, airspace, and external relations, the paramount consideration shall be national interest, strategic autonomy, and the welfare of the Filipino people.

No treaty, agreement, or policy shall subordinate the Republic to foreign control or compromise its sovereign decision-making.

Section 11. Shared Responsibility of Federal and Regional Governments

The defense, protection, and stewardship of the national territory is a shared responsibility of the Federal Government and the Federal and Autonomous Regions, in accordance with this Constitution.

Coordination, cooperation, and mutual respect among all levels of government shall guide territorial governance and national development.

Section 12. Protection of Maritime and Archipelagic Interests

The State recognizes the strategic, economic, environmental, and cultural importance of its archipelagic and maritime character.

It shall ensure food security, maritime safety, freedom of navigation consistent with international law, protection of marine biodiversity, and the development of a strong maritime and blue economy.

Section 13. Stewardship of the Environment, Natural Resources and Animals

The State shall recognize and uphold the intrinsic rights of nature, including ecosystems, biodiversity, and wildlife, and shall ensure their protection, regeneration, and sustainable use. It shall act as the primary steward of the land, waters, airspace, seabed, and all natural resources within the national territory, safeguarding ecological balance for the benefit of present and future generations.

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The exploration, development, and utilization of natural resources shall be undertaken only in a manner that is environmentally responsible, scientifically sound, and socially equitable, avoiding irreversible environmental damage, biodiversity loss, and ecological degradation. Resource acquisition and development shall prioritize sustainability, climate resilience, renewable and circular resource use, and the long-term well-being of communities and natural systems.

The State shall exercise full ownership, control, and supervision over natural resources, ensuring equitable participation and shared benefits among the Federal Regions, indigenous peoples, local communities, and other stakeholders, as provided by law. The welfare and protection of animals, whether wild or domesticated, shall be a fundamental consideration in all policies, programs, and development activities affecting the environment

ARTICLE III - BILL OF RIGHTS

TITLE I. Fundamental Rights With Corresponding Duties

Section 1. Constitutional Liberty Under the Rule of Law

Liberty is guaranteed under this Constitution and shall be exercised within the framework of law, public order, national security, and the common good.

No right is absolute. No authority is unchecked.

Section 2. Human Dignity and Civic Discipline

The dignity of every human person is inherent and inviolable.

The exercise of rights carries the duty to respect lawful authority, the rights of others, social order, cultural integrity, and national unity.

Neither anarchy nor oppression shall be tolerated in the Republic.

Section 3. Due Process, Equality, and Accountability

No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor denied the equal protection of the laws.

Due process shall not be used to shield criminality, corruption, abuse of rights, or willful obstruction of justice.

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Section 4. Security of Person, Property, and Public Order

The people shall be secure in their persons, homes, property, communications, and digital data against unreasonable intrusion.

Lawful searches, arrests, and surveillance shall be permitted only upon judicial warrant based on probable cause, except in narrowly defined exigent circumstances to prevent imminent harm, serious crime, or threats to national security, as provided by law and subject to judicial review.

Section 5. Privacy with Responsibility

The privacy of communications and personal data is protected.

The State may regulate information systems to combat crime, disinformation, fraud, cyber threats, and acts that endanger public order, economic stability, or national security, subject to necessity, proportionality, and oversight.

Section 6. Expression, Truth, and Cultural Integrity

Freedom of speech, expression, the press, peaceful assembly, and petition are guaranteed.

These freedoms shall not be used to incite violence, lawlessness, insurrection, deliberate falsehoods, or acts that undermine constitutional order, national cohesion, or cultural dignity.

The State shall promote truth, media accountability, cultural excellence, and civic education.

Section 7. Religion, Pluralism, and National Unity

The free exercise of religion is guaranteed without discrimination or preference.

Religious freedom shall not be invoked to justify violence, coercion, or actions contrary to law, public order, or the rights of others.

Section 8. Movement, Residence, and National Interest

The liberty of abode and the right to travel shall be respected.

These may be regulated by law in the interest of national security, public safety, public health, environmental protection, or balanced regional development.

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Section 9. Right to Information and Responsible Transparency

Access to information on matters of public concern is guaranteed.

Disclosure shall be balanced against the protection of national security, economic stability, diplomatic interests, privacy rights, and environmental sustainability.

Section 10. Association for Lawful and Productive Ends

The right to form associations, unions, and organizations is guaranteed for lawful purposes.

Associations advocating violence, secession, armed rebellion, or the overthrow of constitutional order are prohibited.

Section 11. Property, Contracts, and Sustainable Development

Property rights and contracts shall be respected.

Their use shall be subject to reasonable regulation to advance sustainable development, environmental protection, equitable progress, and social responsibility.

Section 12. Access to Justice and Swift Resolution

Free access to courts and legal assistance shall not be denied by reason of poverty.

Justice shall be impartial, swift, and decisive. Delay, abuse of process, and forum manipulation shall be prevented by law.

Section 13. Rights of Persons Under Investigation

Any person under investigation has the right to silence and competent counsel.

Torture, coercion, intimidation, and psychological abuse are prohibited. Evidence obtained in violation of this section is inadmissible.

Section 14. Rights of the Accused and Protection of Society

The accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond reasonable doubt.

The State shall balance the rights of the accused with the rights of victims, community safety, and public order.

Section 15. Bail, Habeas Corpus, and Constitutional Limits

The right to bail and the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus are guaranteed.

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Suspension may occur only in cases of actual invasion or rebellion when public safety requires it, subject to strict time limits, legislative concurrence, and immediate judicial review.

Section 16. Punishment, Deterrence, and Rehabilitation

Cruel, degrading, or inhuman punishment is prohibited.

Penalties shall be proportionate, deterrent, and rehabilitative, and shall affirm accountability, public safety, and justice.

Section 17. Economic Integrity and Public Trust

No person shall be imprisoned for debt, except for large-scale, syndicated, or fraudulent schemes that undermine public trust, economic stability, or national welfare.

Section 18. Rights of Victims and Social Restoration

Victims of crime are entitled to protection, restitution, compensation, and timely justice.

The State shall promote restorative mechanisms that strengthen social cohesion without weakening accountability.

Section 19. Federal Uniformity and National Supremacy

The rights and duties under this Article apply uniformly throughout the Republic.

Neither Federal nor Regional authorities may suspend, diminish, or selectively enforce these rights outside constitutional authority.

Section 20. Safeguards Against Authoritarianism

No emergency, security measure, or executive act shall:

a. Abolish judicial review;

b. Concentrate unchecked power in any office;

c. Permit indefinite detention without charge;

d. Criminalize lawful dissent or opposition;

e. Supersede this Constitution.

Section 21. Duties to Nation, Culture, and Future Generations

Every person has the duty to:

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a. Uphold the Constitution and the rule of law;

b. Respect public order and lawful authority;

c. Reject violence, corruption, and lawlessness;

d. Protect the environment and cultural heritage;

e. Contribute to national discipline, excellence, and sustainable progress.

Section 22. Balanced Constitutional Interpretation

This Article shall be interpreted to uphold liberty with order, authority with accountability, and freedom with responsibility.

Extremes of authoritarian control and excesses of permissive liberalism are both inconsistent with constitutional democracy.

Section 23. Non-Derogation Clause

No treaty, law, executive act, regional measure, or emergency power shall impair the guarantees of this Article, except as expressly authorized by this Constitution and subject to judicial review.

ARTICLE IV - CITIZENSHIP

Section 1. Citizenship Defined

Citizenship is a fundamental legal bond between the individual and the State, entailing allegiance, protection, rights, and duties.

Citizenship shall be regulated by this Constitution and by law, consistent with national sovereignty, public order, democratic governance, and the long-term interests of the Republic.

Section 2. Citizens of the Philippines

The following are citizens of the Federal Republic of the Philippines:

a. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;

b. Those whose father or mother is a citizen of the Philippines at the time of their birth, regardless of the place of birth;

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c. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority, in accordance with law;

d. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.

Section 3. Foundational Principle of Citizenship

Philippine citizenship is primarily founded on jus sanguinis i.e. right of blood.

Birth within the national territory alone shall not confer citizenship, except as may be provided by law to prevent statelessness and in accordance with international obligations.

Section 4. Citizenship of Children Born Abroad

Children born outside the Philippines to at least one Filipino parent shall be recognized as natural-born citizens, without need of election or further act.

The State shall facilitate the registration, recognition, and documentation of such citizenship through diplomatic and consular channels.

Section 5. Children Born in the Philippines to Foreign Parents

A person born in the Philippines to foreign parents shall not be deemed a Filipino citizen by birth, except where:

a. The person would otherwise be stateless; or

b. Both parents are permanent residents and have demonstrated substantial, lawful, and long-term ties to the Republic, under conditions prescribed by law.

Any grant of citizenship under this section shall not be automatic and shall require affirmative compliance with statutory requirements.

Section 6. Natural-Born Citizens

Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their citizenship.

Natural-born citizens shall enjoy the full rights of political participation as provided in this Constitution.

Section 7. Dual Citizenship

Dual citizenship is recognized and regulated by law.

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A Filipino citizen who acquires foreign citizenship shall not lose Philippine citizenship, subject to the conditions and limitations provided by law.

The State shall require an affirmation of allegiance to the Republic for the exercise of political rights, public office, and participation in matters affecting national sovereignty and security.

Section 8. Political Rights and Allegiance

The exercise of political rights, including the right to vote, hold public office, and participate in the formulation of public policy, shall require exclusive allegiance to the Federal Republic of the Philippines, as provided by law.

Dual citizens seeking elective or appointive public office, or positions involving national security, defense, foreign relations, fiscal authority, or constitutional governance, shall formally swear allegiance prior to assumption of office before a Philippine Embassy official in the jurisdiction or head of the office, department or agency.

Section 9. Citizenship and the Filipino Diaspora

The State recognizes the vital role of overseas Filipinos and Filipino communities abroad in national development, cultural continuity, and international engagement.

The State shall:

a. Protect the rights and welfare of overseas Filipinos;

b. Facilitate the retention or reacquisition of Philippine citizenship;

c. Enable diaspora participation in national life consistent with constitutional allegiance;

d. Encourage skills transfer, investment, and return migration.

Section 10. Naturalization

Philippine citizenship may be acquired by naturalization in accordance with law.

Naturalization shall require clear proof of:

a. Lawful residence of sufficient duration of at least five (5) years;

b. Good moral character and respect for the Constitution and laws;

c. Economic self-sufficiency or contribution to national development;

d. Cultural integration and basic proficiency in Filipino language;

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e. Swear allegiance to the Federal Republic of Philippines prior to citizenship.

Naturalization is a privilege, not a right, and shall not be granted prior to satisfying the citizenship requirements and naturalization process.

Section 11. Citizenship, Investment, and National Interest

The State shall encourage foreign direct investments, innovation, and economic partnership.

Citizenship shall not be sold, auctioned, or granted solely on the basis of financial investment.

However, the law shall provide expedited permanent residency or naturalization pathways for foreign nationals who make exceptional and sustained contributions to the economy, science, technology, education, or national development, subject to national interest review and safeguards.

Section 12. Loss and Reacquisition of Citizenship

Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired only in the manner provided by law.

No citizen shall be deprived of citizenship except for acts of voluntary renunciation, fraud in acquisition, or conduct gravely inimical to national security or constitutional order, subject to due process and judicial review.

Section 13. Equal Protection of Citizens

All citizens of the Philippines, whether residing within or outside the national territory, shall enjoy equal protection of the laws.

No distinction shall be made on the basis of birthplace, residence, ethnicity, religion, gender, or social origin, subject to constitutional requirements of allegiance and public trust.

Section 14. Citizenship and Federalism

Citizenship is national and indivisible.

No Federal or Autonomous Region shall confer, modify, or revoke Philippine citizenship.

Regions may recognize residency, domicile, or local civil status only in accordance with national law.

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Section 15. Duties of Citizens

Citizens owe allegiance to the Republic and shall:

a. Uphold the Constitution and the rule of law;

b. Respect national sovereignty and territorial integrity;

c. Participate in civic life and democratic processes;

d. Contribute to national development, public order, and cultural excellence;

e. Defend the State when circumstances demand and lawfully required.

Section 16. Interpretation and Construction

This Article shall be interpreted to:

a. Preserve the unity, identity, and sovereignty of the Filipino nation;

b. Address the realities of global migration and diaspora;

c. Prevent statelessness while avoiding dilution of citizenship;

ARTICLE V - SUFFRAGE

Section 1. Nature of Suffrage

Suffrage is a fundamental right and a civic duty.

It is the means by which the sovereign will of the Filipino people is freely, honestly, and peacefully expressed. The State shall protect the right of suffrage and promote its responsible and principled exercise.

Section 2. Right of Suffrage

Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines, not otherwise disqualified by law, who are at least eighteen (18) years of age, able to read and write and has sworn to uphold the Citizen’s Charter on Responsible Voting.

No property, income, educational attainment, gender, religious, political, and social qualification beyond basic literacy and sworn declaration to uphold the Citizen Charter on Responsible Voting shall be imposed to abridge the right of suffrage.

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Section 3. Universal, Equal, and Secret Suffrage

The State shall ensure universal, equal, direct, secret, and free suffrage in all elections, plebiscites, initiatives, referenda, and recalls.

The exercise of suffrage shall be protected from fraud, coercion, corruption, intimidation, manipulation, and violence.

Section 4. Civic Awareness and Voter Information

The State shall promote accessible, non-partisan, and voluntary civic awareness and voter information programs to strengthen informed participation in elections.

Such programs shall provide, at a minimum:

a. Basic information on the Constitution and the system of government;

b. The rights and duties of voters;

c. The electoral process and safeguards for election integrity;

d. The illegality and harm of vote buying, vote selling, and political coercion.

Participation in such programs shall be encouraged, but not mandatory prior to exercise of suffrage, except for first-time voter registration in a manner that is reasonable, accessible, and non-discriminatory.

Section 5. Citizen Charter on Responsible Voting

The State shall adopt a Citizen Charter on Responsible Voting, expressing fundamental principles of ethical electoral conduct, including:

a. Free and independent choice;

b. Rejection of vote buying, vote selling, and coercion;

c. Respect for the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot;

d. Commitment to peaceful and lawful electoral conduct;

e. Fidelity to the Constitution and democratic institutions.

Voters shall, as part of registration, acknowledge that they have read or been informed of the Citizen Charter, and affirm their commitment to uphold its principles, in a manner prescribed by law.

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Section 6. Registration of Voters

The State shall maintain a permanent, accurate, and secure registry of voters.

Registration requirements shall be simple, accessible, and uniform throughout the Republic. No citizen shall be permanently disenfranchised for failure to comply with procedural requirements, which shall be subject to reasonable correction.

Section 7. Independent Election Authority

The conduct and supervision of elections shall be vested in an independent and impartial constitutional election authority.

Such authority shall ensure the integrity, transparency, security, and credibility of the electoral process, and shall be insulated from political interference.

Section 8. Hybrid Electoral System

The electoral system shall be hybrid, combining:

a. Semi-manual voting and public counting at the precinct level, as the primary and controlling expression of the people’s will; and

b. Automated transmission, canvassing, and consolidation of results, subject to strict standards of transparency, security, verifiability, and auditability.

Physical ballots shall remain the ultimate and controlling evidence of the vote.

Section 9. Transparency and Audit

All stages of the electoral process shall be transparent and open to observation by accredited citizens’ arms, political parties, and independent observers.

Random, systematic, and risk-limiting audits shall be conducted to verify the accuracy and integrity of electoral results, as provided by law.

Section 10. Prohibition of Electoral Corruption

Vote buying and vote selling, in any form, are grave offenses against the democratic order.

Any person who offers, gives, solicits, or accepts money, goods or commercial services in exchange for a vote or political support shall be punished by law with severe criminal, civil, and electoral sanctions.

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Section 11. Protection of the Electoral Process

The State shall protect voters, election personnel, observers, and whistleblowers from intimidation, coercion, harassment, or violence.

Any act that interferes with the free, orderly, and lawful exercise of suffrage shall be punishable by law.

Section 12. Federal and Regional Elections

Elections for Federal, Regional, and local offices shall be conducted under uniform national standards.

No Federal or Autonomous Region shall impose voter qualifications or electoral rules inconsistent with this Constitution.

Section 13. Resolution of Election Disputes

Election contests and disputes shall be resolved promptly, impartially, and transparently.

Election cases shall be given priority by courts and electoral tribunals. No proclamation shall be immune from judicial review.

Section 14. Construction of Suffrage Rights

This Article shall be liberally construed in favor of free, orderly, honest, peaceful, and credible elections, and strictly construed against fraud, corruption, coercion, and abuse of the electoral process.

ARTICLE VI – THE LEGISLATIVE

Section 1. Vesting of Legislative Power

Legislative power shall be vested in a Federal Unicameral Parliament, which shall be the sole national law-making authority of the Republic.

Parliament shall enact laws, authorize public expenditures, levy national revenues, provide oversight of the Executive, and uphold accountability in governance, subject to this Constitution and the sovereignty of the people.

Legislative power shall not be delegated except as expressly authorized by this Constitution and subject to defined standards, duration, and oversight.

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Section 2. Nature and Character of the Federal Parliament

The Federal Parliament shall be unicameral, representative, deliberative, professional, transparent, and accountable.

It shall function as a full-time national legislature guided by the principles of democracy, federalism, subsidiarity, social justice, fiscal responsibility, sustainable development, and national unity.

Parliament shall legislate in a manner consistent with cooperative federalism and the equitable development of all Regions.

Section 3. Composition

The Federal Parliament shall be composed of Three Hundred Thirty (330) Members, allocated as follows:

a. Two Hundred Fifty-Four (254) District Representatives, elected directly from legislative districts apportioned by law based on population, geographic coherence, and equitable representation; and

b. Seventy Six (76) Sectoral Representatives shall be elected through a regulated and democratic national sectoral system as provided by law.

c. Ten (10) Sectoral Categories shall be defined and allocated with corresponding number of seats in Parliament based on percentile of the voting population.

c. Eleven (11) Overseas Filipino Representatives shall be elected from among Filipino citizens domiciled in the specified geographic regions as provided by law.

1. Africa

2. Asia Central, Middle East and West

3. Asia East including China, Japan, North and South Korea

4. Asia South East

5. Europe Eastern

6. Europe Western

7. Maritime and Mobile Filipinos

8. North America including US States West of Mississippi, Alaska, Hawaii and Canada

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9. North America including US States East of Mississippi and Caribbean Islands

10. Oceania and Pacific Islands including Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea

11. South and Central America including Mexico

No additional category of membership shall be created except by constitutional amendment.

Section 4. Sectoral Representation

Sector representation shall be constitutionally guaranteed to ensure inclusive, participatory, and pluralistic democracy.

The following ten (10) major sectors shall be entitled to representation in proportional percentages of the total sectoral seats as provided by law:

Sector                                                           % Share       Seats

Academe, Scientists and Innovators           3%               2

Business and Entrepreneurs.                       8%               6

Civil Society and Cooperatives                     3%               2

Farmers and Fisherfolks                             17%             13

Indigenous Peoples                                       3%.              2

Overseas Filipinos                                       14%             11

Professionals                                                 6%                5

Senior Citizens.                                              9%               7

Workers                                                        23%             17

Youth and Students                                   14%              11

Total:                                                          100%              76

Sector representation shall not be used to circumvent district representation or entrench vested interests.

Section 5. Qualifications of Members

No person shall be eligible for election as Member of Federal Parliament unless he or she:

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a. Is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines;

b. Is at least twenty-five (25) years of age on election day; provided that Youth and Students Sector Representatives shall be at least twenty one (21) years of age;

c. Is a registered voter;

d. In the case of District Representatives, has been a resident of the district for at least one (1) year immediately preceding the election;

e. In the case of Sector Representatives, must have been meaningfully engaged in the sector represented for at least three (3) years immediately preceding election;

f. Overseas Filipino Community Representatives, must be a registered voter and taxpayer of Philippines, legal resident and domiciled in the geographic area for at least three (3) years.

g. Has not been convicted by final judgment of a crime involving moral turpitude, corruption, electoral offenses, or abuse of public office; and

h. Possesses civil service eligibility or its equivalent in academic attainment, professional licensure, or leadership experience sufficient to ensure competence in legislative responsibilities.

Section 6. Term of Office

Members of Parliament shall serve a term of three (3) years commencing at noon on the thirtieth day of June following their election.

No Member shall serve more than four (4) consecutive terms or six (6) cumulative terms.

Voluntary renunciation, resignation, or temporary interruption shall not interrupt the continuity of service for purposes of term limitation.

Section 7. Powers and Functions

The Federal Parliament shall have the power to:

a. Enact laws on matters of federal and national concern;

b. Levy national taxes, duties, and fees, consistent with fiscal federalism;

c. Approve the national budget and exercise post-expenditure audit oversight;

d. Conduct inquiries in aid of legislation and oversight;

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e. Declare the existence of a state of war or authorize emergency powers subject to constitutional safeguards;

f. Ratify treaties and international agreements;

g. Confirm appointments where required by this Constitution;

h. Revoke emergency powers granted to the Executive at any time by majority vote;

i. Initiate impeachment proceedings; and

j. Propose amendments or revisions to this Constitution in accordance with Article XVII.

Section 8. Fiscal Authority and Budgetary Discipline

Parliament shall authorize all public expenditures.

It shall not increase the total proposed national deficit beyond the fiscal framework submitted by the Executive unless corresponding revenue measures are enacted.

No appropriation shall be made except pursuant to law.

Post-enactment realignment or impoundment by the Executive shall be prohibited except as authorized by law.

Section 9. Limitations on Legislative Power

The Federal Parliament shall not enact any law that:

a. Violates the Bill of Rights;

b. Unjustifiably encroaches upon constitutionally guaranteed Regional autonomy;20

c. Authorizes secession or dismemberment of the Republic;

d. Weakens democratic institutions, civilian supremacy, or constitutional checks and balances.

All laws shall be subject to judicial review.

Section 10. Organization and Officers

The Parliament shall elect from among its Members the Prime Minister as presiding officer.

Deputy Speakers representing each Region shall be designated from Members of Parliament from the Region to promote federal coordination, balanced representation and national development.

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Parliament shall establish standing, special, and oversight committees, subcommittees, and such other instrumentalities as may be necessary to effectively perform its legislative, investigatory, and oversight functions over executive departments, agencies, and instrumentalities, consistent with the principles of transparency, accountability, and separation of powers.

Parliament shall determine its internal rules consistent with transparency, minority rights, and democratic deliberation.

Section 11. Quorum and Voting

An absolute majority (2/3) of all Members shall constitute a quorum.

No bill shall become law unless approved by a majority of Members present, unless a higher vote is required by this Constitution.

Amendment or revision of the Constitution shall require a quorum of at least three fourths (3/4) of the members and approval by absolute majority or two-thirds (2/3).

Section 12. Transparency and Public Accountability

Sessions and committee proceedings shall be open to the public, except for matters involving national security or other legitimate constitutional grounds.

Voting records, attendance, committee reports, fiscal analyses, and legislative expenditures shall be publicly disclosed through integrated digital platforms.

Parliament shall maintain an open legislative data system accessible to all citizens.

Section 13. Compensation and Ethical Standards

Members shall receive compensation determined by law and publicly disclosed.

No Member shall, during tenure:

a. Hold any other public office or employment;

b. Appear as counsel before any court or administrative body;

c. Be directly or indirectly financially interested in any government contract, franchise, commercial and financial transaction or privilege;

d. Intervene in executive appointments, government procurement, or regulatory decisions for personal financial or political gain.

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Members shall annually disclose assets, liabilities, net worth, and business interests of family members and relatives up to 2nd degree of consanguinity or affinity.

Section 14. Privileges and Immunities

Members shall be privileged from arrest for offenses punishable by not more than six (6) years imprisonment while Parliament is in session.

No Member shall be questioned in any other forum for speech or debate in Parliament, subject to ethical discipline and constitutional accountability.

Section 15. Federal–Regional Legislative Relations

Parliament shall legislate on shared or concurrent powers in accordance with subsidiarity, proportionality, coordination, and national interest.

Federal law shall prevail in matters of exclusive federal competence.

Mechanisms for consultation with Regional Governments shall be institutionalized prior to legislation affecting shared powers.

Section 16. Legislative Professionalism

The State shall maintain a non-partisan, merit-based Parliamentary Service composed of research, drafting, fiscal analysis, policy evaluation, and impact assessment units to support evidence-based and future-oriented legislation.

Section 17. Effectivity

This Article shall take effect upon ratification of this Constitution.

Existing legislative bodies shall be reorganized in accordance with the Transitory Provisions.

ARTICLE VII – THE EXECUTIVE

Section 1. Vesting of Executive Power

Executive power shall be vested in the President of the Federal Republic of the Philippines, who shall serve as Head of State and Head of Government.

a. The President shall ensure the faithful execution of this Constitution and federal laws; uphold the rule of law;

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b. Safeguard democratic institutions; preserve national sovereignty and territorial integrity; and

c. Maintain constitutional order throughout the Republic.

Executive authority is exercised in trust for the Filipino people and shall at all times remain subject to constitutional limitations, legislative oversight, judicial review, transparency, and public accountability.

Section 2. Nature of Executive Authority in a Federal Republic

Executive authority under this Constitution shall be:

a. Unitary in national command, particularly in matters of national defense, foreign affairs, monetary and fiscal stability, citizenship, immigration, and preservation of constitutional order; and

b. Federal and collaborative in administration, recognizing and respecting the autonomy, powers, and responsibilities of the Regions.

The President shall govern in accordance with the principles of:

a. Subsidiarity, whereby governmental responsibilities shall be exercised by the lowest competent level of authority;

b. Cooperative Federalism, fostering partnership and shared responsibility between the Federal Government and the Regions; and

c. Intergovernmental Coordination, ensuring policy coherence, fiscal harmonization, and national solidarity.

No executive issuance, directive, regulation, or administrative act shall diminish constitutionally guaranteed regional autonomy.

Section 3. Election of the President and Vice President

The President and Vice President shall be elected jointly by direct vote of the people through a single national ballot and voted for as one ticket.

The ticket receiving the highest number of valid votes nationwide shall be proclaimed elected, unless a system of majority runoff election is established by law to strengthen democratic mandate and legitimacy.

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Section 4. Term of Office

The President and Vice President shall serve a term of six (6) years commencing at noon of the thirtieth day of June following their election.

They may be elected for one (1) additional term, whether consecutive or non-consecutive.

No person who has served as President for more than three (3) years of a term to which another was elected shall be eligible for election to the same office more than once.

This limitation safeguards democratic renewal while permitting continuity of effective leadership.

Section 5. Qualifications

No person shall be eligible for election as President or Vice President unless he or she:

a. Is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines;

b. Is a registered voter;

c. Has been a resident of the Philippines for at least twelve (12) years immediately preceding the election;

d. The President is at least forty (40) years of age, and the Vice President is at least thirty eight (38) years of age on election day;

e. Has not been convicted by final judgment of any crime involving moral turpitude, corruption, or abuse of public trust.

f. No person shall be eligible for election as President or Vice President unless he or she possesses civil service eligibility, equivalent academic or professional distinction, or leadership experience demonstrating competence to discharge executive authority.

Section 6. Oath of Office

Before entering upon the execution of their duties, the President and Vice President shall take the following oath:

“I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President (or Vice President) of the Federal Republic of the Philippines; preserve and defend its Constitution; execute its laws with justice and impartiality; uphold democracy, human rights, and the rule of law; protect the sovereignty and integrity of the State; and dedicate myself to the service and welfare of the Filipino people.”

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Section 7. Powers and Duties of the President

The President shall:

a. Exercise executive control and supervision over all federal executive departments, agencies, and instrumentalities;

b. Serve as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces;

c. Conduct foreign relations and negotiate treaties and international agreements subject to legislative concurrence;

d. Appoint heads of executive departments, ambassadors, senior military officers, constitutional officers, and other officials as provided by this Constitution and by law;

e. Submit to Parliament the proposed national budget, national development plan, fiscal program, and annual State of the Nation Address;

f. Ensure the faithful implementation of laws and efficient delivery of public services;

g. Promote national unity, inclusive growth, environmental stewardship, and equitable regional development;

h. Convene and chair a Federal–Regional Council composed of Regional Governors and relevant federal officials to institutionalize intergovernmental coordination and fiscal harmonization;

i. Exercise such other powers as may be provided by this Constitution or by law.

All executive action shall be guided by transparency, efficiency, fiscal prudence, sustainability, evidence-based policymaking, and measurable performance standards.

Section 8. The Federal Cabinet

There shall be a Federal Cabinet composed of the heads of executive departments.

Cabinet members shall be:

a. Appointed by the President;

b. Possess competence, integrity, and proven professional qualifications;

c. Subject to parliamentary confirmation where required by law.

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The Cabinet shall function under principles of collective responsibility, inter-agency coordination, performance accountability, and service to the public interest.

Parliament may require periodic reporting and appearance of Cabinet members to ensure effective legislative oversight.

Section 9. Emergency Powers and Martial Law

In cases of war, invasion, rebellion, secession, or other grave national emergency, the President may declare a state of emergency or martial law in the entire country or any part thereof, subject to the following safeguards:

a. Written proclamation stating factual basis;

b. Submission to Parliament within forty-eight (48) hours;

c. Automatic convening of Parliament if not in session;

d. Approval by majority vote of Parliament within seven (7) days;

e. Duration not exceeding ninety (90) days unless extended by Parliament;

f. Automatic judicial review by the Supreme Court upon petition by any citizen.

Emergency measures shall be strictly necessary, proportionate, and time-bound.

A declaration of martial law shall not suspend the operation of this Constitution, dissolve Parliament, suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus except as expressly provided by law, nor supplant the jurisdiction of civilian courts where they are able to function.

Section 10. The Vice President

The Vice President shall:

a. Serve as principal constitutional successor to the President;

b. Assist the President in governance and national policy coordination;

c. Serve in the Cabinet or head an executive department or agency as assigned by the President;

d. Undertake intergovernmental coordination functions to strengthen federal–regional cooperation.

The Vice President shall not require additional confirmation for Cabinet service.

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Section 11. Presidential Succession

In case of death, permanent disability, removal, or resignation of the President, the Vice President shall assume the Presidency for the unexpired term.

If both the President and Vice President are unable to serve, succession shall follow an order established by law among senior Cabinet officials. The order of succession shall be the Minister of Foreign Affairs, followed by the Defense, Local Government and Finance Minister.

Provided that a special national election shall be called within ninety (90) days. Parliament may extend another ninety (90) days as circumstances require.

Continuity of constitutional government shall at all times be preserved.

Section 12. Ethical Governance and Prohibitions

The President, Vice President, and Members of the Cabinet shall:

a. Not hold any other public office or employment;

b. Not engage in private business, commercial practice of any profession during tenure;

c. Avoid conflicts of interest, nepotism, and abuse of influence;

d. Annually disclose assets, liabilities, and net worth;

e. Disclose business interests of spouses and relatives within the 2^nd degree of consanguinity;

f. Submit to audit, transparency, and lifestyle review mechanisms as provided by law.

They shall adhere to the highest standards of integrity, impartiality, and public service.

Section 13. Accountability and Impeachment

The President, Vice President, and other impeachable executive officials may be removed from office through impeachment for:

a. Culpable violation of the Constitution;

b. Treason;

c. Bribery;

d. Graft and corruption;

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e. Betrayal of public trust;

f. Other high crimes.

Impeachment proceedings shall be transparent, expeditious, and conducted in accordance with due process and parliamentary procedure.

Civilian authority shall at all times be supreme over the military and all uniformed services.

The Armed Forces shall remain professional, non-partisan, and subordinate to constitutional authority.

No executive order, decree, or directive shall contravene this Constitution or diminish fundamental rights.

Section 15. Transparency, Digital Governance, and Open Government

The Executive shall institutionalize:

a. Integrated digital governance systems;

b. Open data and public information platforms;

c. Freedom of information mechanisms;

d. Transparent and competitive public procurement systems;

e. Performance-based budgeting;

f. Regional participation and citizen feedback mechanisms.

Public information shall be accessible except when restricted by law for legitimate national security or public safety purposes.

Technology shall be harnessed to promote efficiency, prevent corruption, and strengthen public trust.

Section 16. Intergovernmental Fiscal Responsibility

The Executive shall ensure fiscal discipline, equitable revenue sharing with the Regions, and transparent national budgeting.

Intergovernmental transfers shall be rules-based, predictable, formula-driven, and performance-oriented.

No unfunded mandate shall be imposed upon the Regions.

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Section 17. Implementing Legislation

Parliament shall enact laws necessary to implement this Article and to ensure effective, accountable, transparent, and collaborative executive governance consistent with democratic and federal principles.

ARTICLE VIII - THE JUDICIARY

Section 1. Judicial Power

Judicial power is vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower federal, regional, and special courts as may be established by this Constitution or by law enacted by Parliament.

Judicial power includes the authority and duty:

a. To settle actual cases and controversies involving rights that are legally demandable and enforceable; and

b. To determine whether any branch, instrumentality, or official of Government has committed a clear, direct, and demonstrable grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction.

Judicial power shall be exercised only in the context of an actual case or controversy and in strict observance of the separation of powers established under Articles VI and VII.

Section 2. Co-Equality and Constitutional Restraint

The Judiciary shall be independent and co-equal with:

• The Unicameral Parliament under Article VI; and

• The Executive under Article VII.

Judicial independence shall not be construed as judicial supremacy.

The courts shall interpret and apply the Constitution and the laws and shall not:

a. Legislate or amend statutes duly enacted by Parliament;

b. Substitute judicial policy preferences for legislative judgment;

c. Intrude upon executive discretion in matters of national security, foreign affairs, military command, or law enforcement, except upon clear constitutional violation;

d. Interfere with the internal proceedings or rule-making authority of Parliament;

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e. Adjudicate political questions constitutionally committed to elected branches; or

f. Issue advisory opinions.

An act of Parliament or the President shall be invalidated only upon a clear and unmistakable breach of this Constitution.

Section 3. Structure of the Judicial System

The judicial system of the Federal Republic shall consist of:

a. The Supreme Court;

b. A Federal Court of Appeals;

c. Federal Trial Courts;

d. Regional Trial Courts established by Federated Regions pursuant to Article VI;

e. Local Trial Courts;

f. Specialized Federal Courts;

g. Special Summary Courts; and

h. Shariah Courts in the designated Autonomous Regions.

The Supreme Court shall exercise administrative supervision over all courts to ensure constitutional uniformity across the Federal Republic.

Regional courts shall exercise jurisdiction over matters devolved to Federated Regions under Article VI, subject to constitutional review by the Supreme Court.

Section 4. The Supreme Court

The Supreme Court shall be composed of a Chief Justice and fourteen (14) Associate Justices, unless otherwise provided by law.

a. Exercise original jurisdiction over constitutional disputes between the Federal Government and Federated or Autonomous Regions;

b. Review final judgments involving constitutional or federal questions;

b. Promulgate rules of pleading, practice, procedure, and digital adjudication, provided such rules shall not modify substantive rights established by Parliament;

d. Supervise the administration of the entire Judiciary; and

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e. Ensure uniform interpretation of this Constitution and federal law.

The Court shall exercise judicial review with restraint and fidelity to democratic governance.

Section 5. Judicial Appointments and Executive Interaction

A Judicial and Bar Council is hereby constituted to recommend nominees to the Judiciary.

Appointments shall be made by the President in case of vacancy pursuant to Article VII from a shortlist of five (5) qualified candidates prepared by the Council.

The Council shall ensure:

a. Merit-based and competency-certified selection;

b. Transparency and integrity vetting;

c. Non-partisanship;

d. Federal regional representation.

The appointment process shall not require legislative confirmation, thereby preserving judicial independence while maintaining executive accountability.

Section 6. Security of Tenure and Removal

Members of the Supreme Court shall serve during good behavior until the age of seventy (70) years.

They may be removed only by impeachment initiated and tried by Parliament pursuant to Article VI.

Judges of lower courts may be disciplined or removed in accordance with law, subject to due process and Supreme Court supervision.

Section 7. Fiscal Autonomy and Budgetary Coordination

The Judiciary shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Its appropriations, as enacted by Parliament under Article VI, shall be automatically and regularly released.

Such appropriations shall not be reduced below the preceding fiscal year and adjusted for inflation, except in cases of national fiscal emergency declared by law.

This fiscal autonomy shall not impair Parliament’s constitutional authority over national budgeting.

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Section 8. Specialized and Summary Courts

Parliament may establish specialized and summary courts consistent with this Constitution

a. Small Claims Courts shall adjudicate civil disputes below a statutory threshold through simplified procedures without mandatory legal representation.

b. Traffic Courts shall resolve traffic and minor regulatory violations under summary procedures without mandatory legal representation.

c. Bankruptcy and Insolvency Courts shall exercise exclusive jurisdiction over personal and commercial insolvency and restructuring matters.

d. Election Courts shall exercise exclusive jurisdiction over electoral contests and election law disputes, subject to Supreme Court review on constitutional grounds.

Such courts shall operate within the unified national judiciary and remain subject to Supreme Court supervision.

Section 9. Digital Justice and Technological Modernization

The Judiciary shall establish a secure National Digital Justice System consistent with national data protection laws enacted by Parliament.

Artificial intelligence may assist in research, case management, and administrative efficiency but shall not replace judicial discretion.

All digital systems shall comply with constitutional guarantees of due process, transparency, and equal protection.

Section 10. Speedy and Efficient Administration of Justice

The Supreme Court shall prescribe binding time standards for case disposition.

Parliament may enact complementary legislation to support judicial efficiency, provided such laws do not impair judicial independence.

Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms shall be institutionalized to reduce case backlog.

Section 11. Coordinated Justice Sector Governance

The prosecution service, under the Executive pursuant to Article VII, shall remain independent in prosecutorial discretion.

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The Public Defender Service shall be adequately funded by Parliament.

Inter-agency coordination among the Judiciary, Executive, and relevant institutions shall be promoted through a National Justice Coordinating Council, without compromising constitutional independence.

Section 12. Federal and Regional Judicial Balance

Federated Regions may establish Regional Trial Courts for matters within devolved powers under Article VI.

Federal law and this Constitution shall prevail in case of conflict.

The Supreme Court shall resolve jurisdictional disputes between Federal and Regional authorities.

Section 13. Shariah Courts in Autonomous Regions

Shariah Courts are recognized in the Autonomous Regions of Lanao, Maguindanao, and Sulu.

a. Exercise jurisdiction solely over personal, family, inheritance, and property matters among Muslims;

b. Apply Shariah principles consistent with constitutional supremacy and fundamental rights;

c. Form part of the unified national judiciary;

d. Be subject to supervision and review by the Supreme Court;

e. Not exercise criminal jurisdiction beyond what Parliament expressly authorizes;

f. Not impose penalties inconsistent with due process, equal protection, or human dignity; and

g. Not exercise jurisdiction over non-Muslims without their voluntary written consent.

Nothing herein shall authorize parallel sovereignty or derogation from the supremacy of this Constitution.

Section 14. Access to Justice and Equal Protection

The State shall ensure equal access to justice.

Parliament shall provide adequate funding for legal aid.

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No person shall be denied justice by reason of poverty, religion, ethnicity, language, or social status.

Section 15. Transparency and Accountability

Judicial proceedings shall be public except as otherwise provided by law.

All decisions shall clearly state the facts and legal bases upon which they are rendered.

Section 16. Effectivity

This Article shall take effect upon ratification and shall be implemented through legislation consistent with Articles VI and VII.

ARTICLE IX - CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS

Section 1. Constitutional Status

The Commission on Audit, the Commission on Elections, the Civil Service Commission, and the Office of the Ombudsman are independent constitutional bodies.

They shall safeguard electoral integrity, fiscal discipline, meritocracy in public service, and accountability in government.

They shall not be subject to the direction or control of any branch or level of government, except as expressly provided in this Constitution.

They shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Their approved appropriations shall be automatically and regularly released with corresponding adjustments for inflation based on the official price index.

Section 2. Composition and Collegial Action

Each Constitutional Commission shall consist of one Chairperson and four Commissioners.

They shall act as collegial bodies. A majority of all Members shall constitute a quorum. Decisions shall require the concurrence of a majority of the Members present.

The Ombudsman shall be assisted by at least three (3) Deputy Ombudsmen as may be provided by law.

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Section 3. Qualifications

The Chairpersons and Members of the Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman and Deputy Ombudsmen, shall:

a. Be natural-born citizens of the Philippines;

b. Be at least forty (40) years of age at the time of appointment, provided that the Ombudsmen shall be at least forty-five (45) years of age;

c. Possess a postgraduate degree or its equivalent academic, professional, or civil service attainment relevant to the functions of the office;

d. Demonstrate proven integrity, independence, competence, and fidelity to the Constitution;

e. Not have been candidates for any elective office within six (6) years preceding appointment; and

f. Not be related within the fourth civil degree to the appointing authority.

During their tenure, they shall not hold any other office, practice any profession, or engage in any business.

Section 4. Appointment and Tenure

Appointments shall be made by the President from a shortlist of five (5) qualified candidates prepared through a transparent, merit-based, and publicly accountable process as provided by law.

They shall serve a single, non-renewable term of seven (7) years.

Vacancies shall be filled only for the unexpired portion of the term.

Section 5. Removal

The Chairpersons and Members of the Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman, may be removed only by impeachment for culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, or betrayal of public trust.

Impeachment shall be initiated and tried in accordance with Article VI of this Constitution.

No court shall enjoin impeachment proceedings.

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TITLE I. Commission on Audit

Section 6. Mandate

The Commission on Audit shall be the supreme auditing authority of the Republic.

It shall examine, audit, and settle all accounts relating to revenues, expenditures, and use of funds and property owned or held in trust by:

a. The National Government;

b. Regional and Autonomous Governments;

c. Government-owned or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries; and

d. All entities receiving public funds.

Section 7. Audit Powers

The Commission shall:

a. Conduct real-time, post-audit, and special audits;

b. Promulgate accounting and auditing standards consistent with international best practices;

c. Issue binding notices of disallowance and orders of restitution;

d. Refer findings of prima facie fraud or corruption to the Office of the Ombudsman; and

e. Recommend systemic reforms to prevent fiscal abuse.

Recovery of public funds lost through fraud or corruption shall not be barred by prescription.

TITLE II. Commission on Elections 

Section 8. Mandate

The Commission on Elections shall administer and enforce laws on elections, plebiscites, initiatives, referenda, recalls, and other democratic exercises.

It shall ensure elections that are free, orderly, honest, peaceful, transparent, and credible.

Section 9. Hybrid Electoral System

Elections shall employ:

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a. Manual voting and public counting at the precinct level; and

b. Secure automated systems for consolidation, transmission, canvassing, verification, and audit.

All election technologies shall be subject to independent certification, open review of source codes, and citizen oversight as provided by law.

Section 10. Anti-Dynasty and Electoral Integrity Enforcement

The Commission shall enforce constitutional and statutory prohibitions against political dynasties, vote-buying, electoral fraud, and abuse of state resources.

It shall have authority to:

a. Disqualify candidates who violate anti-dynasty or electoral integrity provisions;

b. Suspend or cancel certificates of candidacy upon clear and convincing evidence of disqualification;

c. Accredit and protect citizen watchdogs; and

d. Maintain a secure and continuously updated voter registry.

TITLE III. Civil Service Commission

Section 11. Merit-Based Public Service

The Civil Service Commission shall be the central personnel authority of the Republic.

It shall establish and enforce a professional, merit-based, non-partisan, ethical, and performance-oriented civil service system applicable to all branches and all levels of government, including Regional Governments and government-owned or controlled corporations.

Section 12. Competency Standards

The Commission shall:

a. Prescribe qualification and competency certification standards consistent with civil service eligibility frameworks;

b. Institutionalize performance evaluation and continuing professional development;

c. Protect civil servants from political interference; and

d. Enforce discipline and accountability for misconduct or incompetence.

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TITLE IV. Office of the Ombudsman

Section 13. Status and Jurisdiction

The Office of the Ombudsman is an independent constitutional guardian of public accountability with nationwide jurisdiction over all public officers employees, consultants and contractors.

It shall enjoy fiscal and operational autonomy.

Section 14. Powers

The Ombudsman shall:

a. Investigate, motu proprio or upon complaint, acts or omissions of public officers;

b. Prosecute corruption, plunder, graft, and related offenses before competent courts;

c. Conduct lifestyle checks and investigate unexplained wealth;

d. Initiate civil forfeiture and restitution proceedings independent of criminal prosecution;

e. Order preventive suspension consistent with due process; and

d. Monitor compliance with anti-corruption laws across all branches and levels of government.

Section 15. Unexplained Wealth

Substantial discrepancy exists between lawful income and accumulated assets, such assets shall constitute prima facie evidence of unlawful acquisition, subject to rebuttal by clear and convincing proof.

Civil forfeiture shall proceed independently of criminal conviction

Section 16. Preventive Measures and Judicial Review

Assets reasonably suspected to be ill-gotten may be provisionally frozen, subject to judicial review limited to grave abuse of discretion.

Preventive suspension shall be non-punitive and intended to protect public interest.

Courts shall not issue injunctions that unduly delay recovery proceedings, except upon clear constitutional grounds

Section 17. Creation of Constitutional Integrity Council

There is hereby created a Constitutional Integrity Council composed of the Chairpersons of the Commission on Audit, Commission on Elections, Civil Service Commission, and the Ombudsman, with the Chief Justice as non-voting observer.

Section 18. Functions

The Council shall:

a. Coordinate inter-agency actions against systemic corruption;

b. Share intelligence and audit findings;

c. Recommend legislative and structural reforms to Parliament;

d. Publish an annual State of Public Integrity Report.

The Council shall not diminish the independence of any member body.

Section 19. Whistleblower Protection

The State shall provide legal protection, confidentiality, and security to whistleblowers, witnesses, and informants.

Retaliation shall constitute a distinct criminal offense.

Section 20. Federal Harmonization

The Constitutional Commissions and the Ombudsman shall exercise authority throughout the Republic.

Regional offices may be established to ensure accessibility and uniform enforcement consistent with national standards.

Regional and local governments shall not create parallel bodies exercising equivalent constitutional powers.

Section 21. Self-Executing Nature

This Article is self-executing.

All inconsistent laws, decrees, regional enactments, and issuances are hereby deemed modified or repealed accordingly.

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ARTICLE X - REGIONAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

Section 1. Federal Structure of the Republic

The Federal Republic of the Philippines is a single, sovereign, and indivisible State organized under a federal system of government.

The Republic shall consist of twenty (20) Federal and Autonomous Regions, and Local Government Units. The Federal Government is supreme within the sphere of powers granted to it by this Constitution. Regional and Local Governments shall exercise autonomy subject to the supremacy of this Constitution and federal law.

Autonomy shall strengthen national unity, democratic accountability, balanced development, and responsive governance.

Section 2. Territorial and Political Subdivisions

The territorial and political subdivisions of the Republic are:

a. Federal Regions;

b. Autonomous Regions;

c. Provinces;

d. Cities;

e. Municipalities; and

e. Barangays

Federal and Autonomous Regions are constitutional components of the Republic. Provinces, Cities, Municipalities, and Barangays are political subdivisions within their respective Regions.

No subdivision shall exercise powers inconsistent with federal sovereignty, national standards, or constitutional order.

Section 3. Allocation and Hierarchy of Powers

Powers shall be allocated in accordance with the principles of subsidiarity, accountability, efficiency, and national cohesion.

The Federal Government shall exercise exclusive authority over national defense, foreign affairs, citizenship, currency, national taxation, customs, immigration, macroeconomic policy, national standards, and other matters affecting national sovereignty.

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Federal and Autonomous Regions shall exercise powers devolved by this Constitution and federal law, including regional planning, economic development, agriculture, health systems administration, environmental management, indigenous people and regional infrastructure.

Local Government Units shall exercise powers delegated by regional law consistent with federal standards.

In case of conflict, federal law shall prevail over regional law, and regional law shall prevail over local ordinances.

Residual powers not expressly granted to the Federal Government shall belong to the Regions.

Section 4. Regional Governments

Each Federal Region shall have an Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches of government.

a. Regional Governor and Vice Governor appointed by the President from a short list of five (5) qualified public enterprise management candidates endorsed by Parliament, who shall serve for a period of three (3) years, renewable upon endorsement of the Regional Legislative Council for a maximum of four (4) terms.

b. Regional Legislative Council members shall be composed of ex-officio and sectoral representatives vetted upon based on qualifications as provided for by law;

c. Ten (10) Ex-Officio Council Members shall be composed of;

• President of the League of Provincial Governors

• President of the League of Provincial Vice Governors

• President of the League of Provincial Board Members

• President of the League of City and Municipal Mayors

• President of the League of City and Municipal Vice Mayors

• President of the League of City and Municipal Councilors

• President of the League of Barangay Council Chairmen

• Top Individual Taxpayer of the Region endorsed by the DOF

• Top Employer of the Region endorsed by the DOLE

• Top Producer of the Region endorsed by the DTI

d. Ten (10) Sectoral Council Members vetted upon by registered sectoral organizations and institutions in a fair, transparent and merit-based process as prescribed by law;

• Academe, Scientists and Innovators

• Business, Entrepreneurs and MSMEs

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• Civil Society and Cooperatives

• Farmers and Fisherfolks

• Indigenous People

• Overseas Filipinos

• Professionals

• Senior Citizens

• Workers

• Youth and Students

Regional Administrative Service operating under a merit-based civil service system.

The Regional Governor and Vice Governor shall receive professional salary grade and Regional Council Members shall receive per diems, allowances and public service performance awards as provided by law;

Regional Governments shall supervise Provinces, Cities, Municipalities, Barangays and territories within their jurisdiction, consistent with federal law.

Autonomous Regions shall be governed by Organic Acts consistent with this Constitution and subject to federal supremacy.

Section 5. Mandanas-Compliant Fiscal Framework

Regional and Local Governments shall have a constitutionally guaranteed and enforceable share in national revenues.

Such share shall be:

a. Based on all national taxes and revenues, including customs duties and other national collections;

b. Automatically and directly released without need of further appropriation;

c. Computed according to a formula prescribed by federal law, considering the factors:

• Population

• Fiscal Capacity

• Land Area

• Development Programs

• Equalization

• Performance Indicators

• Emergency Requirements

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No law or executive act shall diminish or delay such share except by constitutional amendment.

The Federal Government shall retain exclusive authority over national fiscal policy and public debt management.

Section 6. Fiscal Powers of Regions and Local Governments

Regional and Local Governments shall have authority to:

a. Levy and collect taxes, fees, and charges consistent with federal fiscal policy;

b. Receive an equitable share in the proceeds of national wealth within their jurisdiction;

c. Prepare and execute their own budgets;

d. Contract loans subject to federal fiscal sustainability standards;

e. Establish regional enterprises and public-private partnerships.

Fiscal autonomy shall be exercised with transparency, digital audit systems, and full public disclosure.

Section 7. Intergovernmental Coordination

A Federal–Regional Coordination Council shall be established by law to ensure:

a. Harmonization of national and regional development plans;

b. Coordination of inter-regional infrastructure;

c. Digital interoperability, communication and data-sharing standards;

d. Resolution of intergovernmental disputes prior to judicial review.

National policies and programs shall be implemented in consultation with Regional Governments to promote smooth execution and balanced development.

Section 8. Democratic Accountability

Regional and Local Governments shall ensure:

a. Regular, free, and credible elections;

b. Participatory development councils;

c. Initiative, referendum, and recall mechanisms;

d. Transparency in procurement and budgeting best practices;

e. Citizen access to public information.

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Political dynasties are prohibited within the same Region or Local Government Unit within the second civil degree of consanguinity or affinity, as provided by law.

Section 9. Supervision and Limited Federal Intervention

The Federal Government shall exercise general supervision, not control, over Regional Governments.

Direct intervention and control shall be permitted in cases of:

a. Secession, rebellion or insurrection;

b. Grave breakdown of public order;

c.  Systemic corruption;

d. Fscal insolvency threatening national stability.

Any intervention shall be limited in scope, duration, and subject to judicial review.

Section 10. Creation and Reorganization

The creation, merger, division, or abolition of Regions or Local Government Units shall require:

a. Enabling federal legislation;

b. Objective socioeconomic, political and administrative standards

c.  Approval by majority vote in a plebiscite in the affected areas.

TITLE. Federal and Autonomous Regions

1. Ilocos Federal Region

Provinces: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pangasinan

Cities: Alaminos, Batac, Candon, Dagupan, Laoag, San Carlos, San Fernando, Urdaneta, Vigan

2. Cagayan Valley Federal Region

Provinces: Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino

Cities: Cauayan, Ilagan, Santiago, Tuguegarao

3. Cordillera Autonomous Region

Provinces: Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, Mountain Province

Cities: Baguio, Tabuk

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4. Central Luzon Federal Region

Provinces: Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, Zambales

Cities: Angeles, Balanga, Cabanatuan, Gapan, Malolos, Meycauayan, Olongapo, Palayan, San Jose Del Monte, San Fernando, Tarlac City

5. National Capital Federal Region

Cities: Caloocan, Las Pinas, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Manila, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig, Pateros, Quezon City, San Juan, Taguig, Valenzuela.

6. Calabarzon Federal Region

Provinces: Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Rizal, Quezon

Cities: Antipolo, Bacoor, Batangas City, Binan, Cabuyao, Calamba, Cavite City, Dasmariñas, General Trias, Imus, Lipa, Lucena, San Pablo, San Pedro, Santa Rosa, Santo Tomas, Tagaytay, Tanauan, Trece Martires

7. Mimaropa Federal Region

Provinces: Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, Palawan

Cities: Calapan, Puerto Princesa

8. Bicol Federal Region

Provinces: Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Masbate, Sorsogon

Cities: Iriga, Legazpi, Ligao, Masbate City, Naga, Sorsogon

9. Eastern Visayas Federal Region

Provinces: Biliran, Eastern Samar, Leyte, Northern Samar, Samar, Southern Leyte

Cities: Calbayog, Catbalogan, Maasin, Ormoc, Tacloban

10. Western Visayas Federal Region

Provinces: Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Guimaras, Iloilo

Cities: Kalibo, loilo City, Passi, Roxas

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11. Negros Island Federal Region

Provinces: Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental

Cities: Bacolod, Bago, Cadiz, Escalante, Himamaylan, Kabankalan, La Carlota, Sagay, San Carlos, Silay, Sipalay, Talisay, Victorias

12. Central Visayas Federal Region

Provinces: Bohol, Cebu, Siquijor

Cities: Carcar, Cebu City, Danao, Lapu-Lapu, Mandaue, Naga, Tagbilaran, Talisay, Toledo

13. Northern Mindanao Federal Region

Provinces: Bukidnon, Camiguin, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Lanao del Norte (except municipalities incorporated into Lanao Autonomous Region)

Cities: Cagayan de Oro, El Salvador, Gingoog, Iligan, Malaybalay, Oroquieta, Ozamiz, Tangub, Valencia

14. Caraga Federal Region

Provinces: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Dinagat Islands

Cities: Bayugan, Bislig, Butuan, Cabadbaran, Surigao, Tandag

15. Lanao Autonomous Region

Provinces: Lanao del Sur and qualifying municipalities of Lanao del Norte

Cities: Marawi

16. Zamboanga Peninsula Federal Region

Provinces: Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay

Cities: Zamboanga City, Dipolog, Pagadian

17. Davao Federal Region

Provinces: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro, Davao Occidental

Cities: Davao, Digos, Mati, Panabo, Samal, Tagum

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18. Soccsksargen Federal Region

Provinces: Cotabato, Sarangani, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat

Cities: General Santos, Kidapawan, Koronadal

19. Maguindanao Autonomous Region

Provinces: Maguindanao del Norte, Maguindanao del Sur

City: Cotabato City

20. Sulu Autonomous Region

Provinces: Basilan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi and Territories

City: Isabela City

Section 11. Effectivity

This Article shall take effect immediately upon the ratification of this Constitution by the Filipino people in a national plebiscite.

All provisions herein shall have full force and effect, and shall be self-executory insofar as they guarantee fiscal autonomy, revenue sharing, and regional status, subject to implementing legislation where necessary.

Section 12. Transition and Continuity of Government

Upon ratification:

All existing Regions and Local Government Units shall continue to function in a holdover capacity until reorganized under federal law.

All incumbent elective and appointive officials shall remain in office until the next regularly scheduled elections under the federal system, unless otherwise provided by transitional legislation.

Section 13. Regional Reorganization

Within three (3) years from ratification:

a. Parliament shall enact the Organic Acts for all Federal and Autonomous Regions.

b. Required plebiscites for boundary adjustments and autonomous reclassification shall be conducted.

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c. Assets, liabilities, personnel, and appropriations shall be equitably transferred to the corresponding Regional Governments.

No reorganization shall disrupt the delivery of essential public services.

Section 14. Fiscal Transition and Mandanas Implementation

The constitutionally guaranteed share of Regions and Local Government Units in all national revenues shall be implemented immediately beginning the first full fiscal year after ratification.

A phased equalization adjustment period of not more than three (3) fiscal years may be adopted to ensure fiscal stability.

No executive issuance may withhold, reduce, or delay the automatic release of revenue shares.

Section 15. Supremacy and Harmonization

All laws, decrees, executive issuances, rules, and regulations inconsistent with this Article are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.

Parliament shall, within three (3) years, enact a Federal Regional Government Code harmonizing all prior local government legislation with this Constitution.

Section 16. Judicial Review

The Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction to resolve disputes arising from the implementation of this Article during the transition period

ARTICLE XI - ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS

Section 1. Public Office as a Public Trust

Public office is a public trust.

All public officers and employees, whether federal, regional, or local, shall at all times be accountable to the people; serve with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, efficiency, patriotism, and justice; act with transparency; and lead modest lives.

Public authority shall not be used for personal enrichment, dynastic entrenchment, patronage, abuse of discretion, or any act inconsistent with the public interest.

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Section 2. Coverage

This Article shall apply to:

• The President and Vice President;
• Members of Parliament;
• Members of the Cabinet and heads of executive departments and agencies;
• Justices and Judges of all federal, regional and special courts;
• Members and officials of Constitutional Commissions;
• The Ombudsman and Deputy Ombudsmen;
• Regional Governors, Vice Governors, Regional Executive Officials, and Members of Regional Council
• All elective and appointive local government officials; and
• All officers, employees, directors, trustees, agents, consultants, or representatives of any office, agency, instrumentality, government-owned or controlled corporation, state university or college, public financial institution, or any entity funded wholly or partly by public funds, or exercising public authority.

No person shall evade accountability by reason of contractual status, temporary designation, consultancy, or indirect appointment where public funds or public authority are involved.

Section 3. Impeachment

The President, Vice President, Members of the Supreme Court, Heads of Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman may be removed from office through impeachment.

Grounds for impeachment:

• Culpable violation of this Constitution;
• Treason;
• Bribery;
• Graft and corruption;
• Plunder;
• Betrayal of public trust;
• Other high crimes defined by federal law.

A verified complaint may be filed by:

• At least one-third (1/3) of all Members of Parliament; or

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• A citizens’ petition endorsed by at least five percent (5%) of registered voters nationwide.

Conviction shall require a two-thirds (2/3) vote of all Members of Parliament sitting as an Impeachment Court.

Judgment shall extend only to removal from office and perpetual disqualification. Criminal and civil liability shall proceed independently.

Section 4. The Office of the Ombudsman

The Office of the Ombudsman is hereby strengthened as the principal constitutional guardian of integrity in public service.

It shall be independent, fiscally autonomous, and insulated from political interference.

The Ombudsman shall:

• Investigate, motu proprio or upon complaint, any act or omission of any public official or covered entity;
• Exercise exclusive and primary prosecutorial authority over graft, corruption, plunder, and related offenses;
• Order preventive suspension pending investigation;
• Initiate civil forfeiture and asset recovery proceedings;
• Impose administrative sanctions;
• Recommend systemic reforms to Parliament;
• Maintain permanent regional offices throughout the Federation.

Section 5. National Public Asset Recovery Commission

There shall be within the Office of the Ombudsman a National Public Asset Recovery Commission (NPARC).

The NPARC shall:

• Trace, freeze, seize, and recover ill-gotten wealth;
• Institute civil forfeiture independent of criminal conviction;
• Coordinate domestic and international recovery efforts;
• Maintain a centralized public registry of recovered assets;
• Ensure transparent and accountable disposition of recovered funds.

Actions for recovery of ill-gotten wealth shall not prescribe.

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Recovered assets shall be automatically appropriated to the National Treasury for national development priorities, poverty alleviation, public education, health services, public infrastructure and the strengthening of integrity institutions.

Section 6. National Digital Transparency and Audit System

A constitutionally mandated National Digital Transparency and Audit System (NDTAS) shall be established.

It shall:

• Provide real-time public access to government budgets, expenditures, procurement contracts, infrastructure projects, and public debt data;
• Integrate federal, regional, and local financial management systems;
• Utilize secure and tamper-resistant digital ledger technologies or their equivalent;
• Enable citizen oversight and participatory audit mechanisms;
• Automatically flag anomalous transactions for review by the Ombudsman and audit authorities.

Non-compliance shall constitute serious administrative and criminal liability.

Section 7. Mandatory Asset Disclosure

All officials covered by this Article shall:

• File annually a publicly accessible Statement of Assets, Liabilities, Net Worth, and Financial Interests;
• Disclose beneficial ownership in domestic and foreign entities;
• Declare campaign contributions and expenditures in real time;
• Waive bank secrecy protections for lawful investigation upon judicial authorization.

Unexplained wealth shall give rise to a presumption of illicit acquisition, rebuttable before a proper court of law.

Section 8. Plunder and Grand Corruption

Plunder or grand corruption, defined as large-scale misappropriation or diversion of public funds constituting economic sabotage against the Republic, shall be classified as a heinous crime.

Upon conviction:

• Total forfeiture of ill-gotten wealth plus interest and penalties;
• Full restitution to the State;
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• Perpetual disqualification from public office;
• Life imprisonment without parole or the death penalty as may be provided by law, subject to constitutional safeguards.

Section 9. Whistleblower and Integrity Protection

The State shall ensure comprehensive protection for whistleblowers, auditors, investigators, and journalists exposing corruption.

Protection shall include:

• Confidentiality and anonymity safeguards;
• Security and relocation where necessary;
• Immunity where appropriate;
• Incentives tied to verified recovery of public funds.

Retaliation shall constitute a grave criminal offense.

Section 10. Prohibition of Political Dynasties

Political dynasties are prohibited. Parliament shall enact a self-executing and enforceable law preventing concentration or succession of political power within immediate and extended families in the same or overlapping jurisdictions.

Section 11. Recall and Popular Accountability

Elective officials may be removed through recall upon:

• A petition of at least five percent of registered voters (5%) to recall national officials, seven percent (7%) for regional officials, ten percent (10%) for local government officials; and
• Approval by majority vote in a recall referendum.

Section 12. Federal-Regional Integrity Coordination

Regional governments shall establish integrity offices consistent with national standards.

The Office of the Ombudsman shall exercise concurrent oversight to ensure uniform enforcement throughout the Federation.

Section 13. Effectivity and Implementation

This Article shall take effect immediately upon ratification of this Constitution.

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Within one (1) year from ratification, Parliament shall enact comprehensive legislation to fully operationalize:

• The strengthened powers of the Office of the Ombudsman;
• The National Public Asset Recovery Office;
• The National Digital Transparency and Audit System;
• The prohibition against political dynasties;
• Enhanced whistleblower protection mechanisms.

Pending enactment of enabling laws, the provisions of this Article shall be self-executing to the fullest extent possible.

All existing laws, executive issuances, and regulations inconsistent with this Article are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.

Within two (2) years from ratification, all federal, regional, and local government units shall fully integrate into the National Digital Transparency and Audit System.

Ongoing investigations, prosecutions, and asset recovery proceedings at the time of ratification shall continue without interruption under the strengthened authority granted herein.

ARTICLE XII - NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY

Section 1. Declaration of Economic Policy

The Federal Republic of the Philippines shall establish a just, inclusive, competitive, innovation-driven, and sustainable national economy that promotes the general welfare, eradicates poverty, expands opportunities, strengthens regional development, and secures prosperity for present and future generations of Filipinos.

The State shall pursue balanced agricultural, industrial, technological, and service-sector development, anchored on productivity, innovation, human capital formation, environmental stewardship, and integration into the global trade, financial, and investment system.

Section 2. Federal Economic Framework

The national economy shall operate under a social market framework that upholds:

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• Private enterprise and fair competition as primary engines of growth;
• Strategic state guidance in sectors affecting national security, public welfare, and long-term development;
• Cooperative federalism between the Federal Government and the Regions;
• Transparency, accountability, and rule of law in economic governance.

The Federal Government shall set national economic policy, monetary policy, foreign trade policy, competition policy, and national industrial strategy, while the Regions shall implement localized development strategies consistent with national objectives.

Section 3. Sustainable and Inclusive Development

The State shall ensure that economic growth is:

• Environmentally sustainable and climate-resilient;
• Regionally balanced and inclusive;
• Supportive of micro, small and medium enterprises;
• Responsive to vulnerable sectors and indigenous communities.

Natural capital, biodiversity, marine wealth, forests, mineral resources, and water systems shall be managed under principles of intergenerational equity and sustainable development.

Section 4. Agricultural Modernization and Food Security

The State shall prioritize food security, agricultural modernization, and rural development through:

• Mechanization, irrigation expansion, and climate-smart agriculture;
• Agricultural research, biotechnology, and digital farming systems;
• Post-harvest facilities, cold storage, and farm-to-market logistics;
• Access to credit, insurance, and modern inputs;
• Agribusiness clustering and agro-industrial processing;
• Strengthening of fisheries, aquaculture, and marine resource management.

Regional governments shall develop specialized agricultural value chains based on the regions comparative advantage.

Section 5. Industrial Development and Strategic Sectors

The State shall promote diversified and technology-driven industrialization through:

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• Development of manufacturing, advanced materials, electronics, semiconductors, shipbuilding, aerospace components, renewable energy systems, pharmaceuticals, and strategic industries;
• Establishment of innovation corridors, economic zones, and smart industrial parks across Regions;
• Strategic partnerships with domestic and foreign investors;
• National industrial upgrading and export competitiveness programs.

The Federal Government may identify and support strategic industries essential to national resilience, security, and long-term competitiveness.

Section 6. Knowledge-Based, Digital, and Innovation Economy

The State shall foster a knowledge-based, advanced technology and digitally empowered economy by:

• Ensuring universal, affordable, and high-speed digital connectivity nationwide;
• Promoting artificial intelligence, robotics, biotechnology, advanced computing, financial technology, and cybersecurity industries;
• Strengthening research and development institutions;
• Protecting intellectual property rights;
• Supporting startups, venture capital ecosystems, and technology transfer;
• Integrating education, research, and industry collaboration.

The Philippines shall position itself as a regional hub for digital services, global business services, creative industries, and emerging technologies.

Section 7. Global Trade and Investment Integration

The State shall pursue active participation in regional and global economic institutions and agreements to enhance competitiveness, market access, and investment flows.

Foreign investments shall be welcomed and protected under clear, stable, and predictable laws, subject only to limitations expressly provided by this Constitution or by law for reasons of national security and broader public interest.

Foreign equity participation shall be regulated in sectors involving:

• National defense and security;
• Ownership of land;
• Strategic natural resources, unless otherwise provided by law;
• Public utilities as defined by law.

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All other sectors shall be open to foreign participation in accordance with law.

Section 8. Competition and Anti-Monopoly Policy

The State shall ensure fair competition and prohibit monopolies, cartels, and abusive market dominance.

An independent Federal Competition Authority shall enforce competition law, prevent anti-competitive conduct, and protect consumers and enterprises.

Section 9. Labor, Employment, and Productivity

The State affirms labor as a partner in national development.

• It shall promote full, productive, and freely chosen employment;
• Protect workers’ rights and fair wages, ensure safe and humane working conditions;
• Encourage regional, general price and productivity-indexed wage systems;
• Support skills upgrading, lifelong learning, and technical education;
• Facilitate labor mobility across international borders and the Regions;
• Promote industrial peace through voluntary modes of dispute resolution.

The State shall align education, technical training, and workforce development with national industrial and technological strategies.

Section 10. Human Capital and Education for Competitiveness

The State shall prioritize science, technology, engineering, management, mathematics, digital literacy, financial literacy, and entrepreneurship education.

Higher education institutions and research centers shall be strengthened to support innovation, global competitiveness, and national development.

Section 11. Infrastructure and Connectivity

The State shall ensure the development of integrated, modern, resilient, and sustainable infrastructure, including:

• Transportation and logistics networks;
• Seaports, airports, and rail systems;
• Energy security and renewable energy expansion;
• Water security systems;
• National digital backbone and data infrastructure.
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Public-private partnerships shall be encouraged under transparent and competitive processes.

Section 12. Financial System and Monetary Stability

The State shall maintain a stable, resilient, and globally integrated financial system.

The Central Bank of the Philippines shall remain independent purposely to:

• Safeguard price stability;
• Promote economic and financial stability;
• Strengthen inclusive finance, financial technologies and capital market development.

The State shall promote professionally managed, cost-efficient and fair micro financing, venture capital, Islamic finance, green finance, and long-term development financing.

Section 13. Regional Economic Equity

The Federal Government shall establish an Equalization and Development Fund to reduce regional disparities, strengthen less developed Regions, promote sustainable growth and equitable progress across the Regions.

Fiscal transfers shall be transparent, rules-based, and performance-oriented.

Section 14. National Patrimony

The State retains full ownership of all lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, natural gas, marine wealth, forests, wildlife, and other natural resources.

Exploration, development, and utilization of natural resources may be undertaken by:

• Filipino and dual citizens;
• Corporations with significant shares owned and controlled by Filipino citizens; or
• Foreign entities under production-sharing, joint venture, or service agreements authorized by law.

Such agreements shall ensure fair economic returns to the State, community benefit, technology transfer, and environmental protection.

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Section 15. Land Ownership

Private lands shall be owned by Filipino and dual citizens, or corporations majority-owned at least by fifty one percent (51%) by Filipino citizens, except as may be allowed by law for long-term lease of up to fifty (50) years, renewable for another twenty five (25) years. Additionally land use for strategic investment purposes may be extended under special arrangements consistent with the national interest and people’s welfare.

Section 16. Strategic Economic Security

The State shall protect critical infrastructure, digital systems, energy systems, and strategic industries from foreign control or interference that threatens national security.

Section 17. Transparency and Ease of Doing Business

The State shall:

• Simplify regulations;
• Digitize government services;
• Eliminate corruption and red tape;
• Guarantee policy stability, enforceability and sanctity of contracts;
• Protect investors, ownership and property rights.

All government economic transactions shall be transparent and subject to public audit.

Section 18. Poverty Eradication and Social Mobility

The State shall adopt comprehensive policies to:

• Reduce poverty;
• Promote entrepreneurship;
• Support micro, small, and medium enterprises;
• Support cooperatives;
• Ensure access to housing, healthcare, education and skills training, and social protection.

Economic growth shall translate into rising incomes, improved living standards, and upward social mobility for all Filipinos.

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Section 19. Environmental Stewardship and Climate Resilience

The State shall integrate climate adaptation, disaster resilience, renewable energy development, and environmental protection and management including the rights of nature and animals into all economic planning, development and industrial policy.

Section 20. Periodic National Competitiveness Review

The Federal Government shall conduct a comprehensive National Competitiveness Review every three years (3), assessing productivity, innovation capacity, infrastructure quality, regulatory efficiency, and global market performance, and shall submit a report to the Federal Parliament.

Section 21. Concluding Declaration

The national economy shall serve the Filipino people.

ARTICLE XIII - FAMILY, SOCIAL JUSTICE, AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Section 1. Foundational Principles of Human Dignity and the Social Order

The State affirms the inherent dignity and equal worth of every human person as the foundation of freedom, justice, peace, and national development.

The social order shall be directed toward the common good, national unity, moral integrity, and the full development of the Filipino person.

The Republic shall uphold a culture of excellence, discipline, solidarity, and civic responsibility, ensuring that rights are exercised with due regard to law, public order, and the welfare of the community.

Section 2. The Family as the Foundation of the Nation

The family is the natural, fundamental, and autonomous social institution and the foundation of the Nation.

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The State shall strengthen and protect the family as the primary source of moral formation, civic virtue, national identity, and intergenerational solidarity.

Public policy shall support family stability, parental authority, shared responsibility in child-rearing, and respect for elders, consistent with Filipino traditions and cultural heritage.

Section 3. Marriage

Marriage is a special, permanent social institution and the foundation of family life.

The State recognizes and protects marriage as a permanent union between a man and a woman, freely entered into in accordance with law, founded on mutual love, fidelity, equality, responsibility, and the nurturing of children.

The State shall enact measures to safeguard the stability of marriage, promote responsible parenthood, and strengthen marital commitment and family unity.

Section 4. Exceptional Dissolution of Marriage

The dissolution of marriage shall be permitted only as an extraordinary legal remedy under grave and exceptional circumstances strictly defined by law.

Such dissolution shall be granted solely by a Federal Trial Court upon clear and convincing evidence that:

• The marriage has irretrievably broken down due to severe abuse, abandonment, or other grave causes defined by law;
• Reasonable efforts at reconciliation have been undertaken unless such efforts would endanger life or dignity; and
• The best interests of the children and the protection of the vulnerable are fully secured.

The law shall ensure that dissolution procedures uphold due process, protect children, and preserve the dignity of the parties.

Section 5. Family Counseling and Mediation

Prior to any decree of dissolution, mandatory mediation, counseling, and reconciliation efforts shall be undertaken, except in cases involving violence, coercion, or serious threat to safety.

The State shall establish accessible, confidential, and professionally supervised family counseling services throughout the Federation.

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Section 6. Civil and Contractual Unions

The State may recognize civil or contractual unions distinct from marriage, as provided by law.

Such unions may be granted contractual rights and obligations relating to property, succession, support, and mutual responsibility, without altering the constitutional definition of marriage.

Section 7. Equality, Personhood, and Protection from Discrimination

The State affirms the equal dignity of all persons.

No person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws on the basis of sex, marital status, age, disability, or lawful personal condition, consistent with this Constitution, public order, and morality.

The State shall promote respect, decency, and social harmony, balancing individual freedoms with civic and social responsibility, and national discipline.

Section 8. Social Justice and Inclusive Development

Social justice shall be a central pillar of national development.

The State shall ensure the equitable distribution of opportunities, resources, and collective responsibilities to reduce poverty, eliminate structural inequalities, and empower individuals, families, and communities to achieve a dignified standard of living.

Economic progress shall be inclusive, regionally balanced, socially and environmentally responsible.

Section 9. Labor, Employment, and Human Capital Development

Labor is a primary social and economic force.

• The State shall protect the rights and welfare of workers;
• Promote full, productive, and decent employment;
• Encourage entrepreneurship and innovation;
• Invest in quality education, technical training, research, and lifelong learning; and
• Establish comprehensive social protection systems.

Labor relations shall be governed by fairness, productivity, and shared prosperity.

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Section 10. Protection of Vulnerable Sectors

The State shall provide special protection to:

• Children;
• Senior Citizens;
• Persons with Disabilities;
• Vulnerable Women
• Indigenous Cultural Communities; and
• Other marginalized or disadvantaged sectors.

They shall be protected against abuse, exploitation, neglect, violence, discrimination, and abandonment.

Policies shall prioritize empowerment, access to justice, and equal opportunity.

Section 11. Quasi-Parental Responsibility of the State

When the natural family is absent, incapable, or has gravely failed in its duty, the State assumes a subsidiary and temporary quasi-parental responsibility toward:

• Abandoned children and orphans; and
• Senior citizens without adequate care.

Such responsibility shall prioritize family-based, community-based, and humane alternatives consistent with the best interests of the child and the dignity of the elderly.

Institutional care shall be a measure of last resort.

Section 12. Human Rights and State Accountability

The State guarantees the full range of civil, political, economic, social, cultural, and developmental rights recognized under this Constitution and international law.

Human rights violations shall be prevented, investigated, and prosecuted.

Victims shall be entitled to effective remedies, restitution, compensation, and institutional reform.

No public officer may invoke superior orders or public emergency as justification for grave violations of human rights.

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Section 13. Independent Human Rights Commission

There shall be an independent Federal Commission on Human Rights with fiscal autonomy and regional offices throughout the Federation.

• The Commission shall investigate human rights violations;
• Monitor compliance with constitutional standards;
• Recommend legislative and administrative reforms;
• Provide human rights education; and
• Initiate appropriate proceedings against human rights abuse in accordance with law.

Its composition, qualifications, and powers shall be defined by law consistent with its independence and constitutional mandate.

Section 14. Federal–Regional Responsibilities

Under the Federal system:

• The Federal Government shall establish uniform national standards for family protection, social justice, and human rights;
• Regional Governments shall implement programs responsive to local conditions consistent with national standards;
• No Region shall diminish or deny fundamental rights guaranteed by this Constitution; and
• Fiscal equalization mechanisms shall ensure that all Regions possess adequate capacity to fulfill these obligations.

Section 15. Civic Participation, Solidarity, and National Discipline

The State shall promote active participation of families, civil society, faith-based organizations, people’s organization and community institutions in governance and nation-building.

The exercise of rights shall be accompanied by duties of solidarity, respect for law, protection of the environment, and commitment to the common good.

National discipline, cultural excellence, integrity, and love of country shall be fostered through education and public policy.

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Section 16. Supremacy Clause

The protection of human dignity, the strengthening of the family, the pursuit of social justice, and the safeguarding of human rights shall guide the interpretation and implementation of all laws, policies, and governmental actions.

No law, executive act, or regional measure shall contravene these fundamental principles.

ARTICLE XIV – EDUCATION, CULTURE, ARTS AND SPORTS

Section 1. State Policy on Education and Human Capital Development

The State recognizes education, culture, arts, and sports as strategic pillars of national development, sovereignty, productivity, excellence and global competitiveness.

It shall be the paramount duty of the State to develop a highly skilled, innovative, values-driven, productive, and globally competitive Filipino people, capable of advancing national prosperity in the agro-industrial, knowledge-based and technology-driven global economy.

Section 2. Right to Quality and Relevant Education

The State shall guarantee the right of all citizens to quality, accessible, inclusive, and future-ready education at all levels.

Education shall be outcomes-based, competency-driven, and aligned with national development priorities, domestic industries, labor market demands, and emerging global professions.

Public education shall be continuously upgraded to meet or exceed international academic, scientific, and professional standards.

Section 3. Excellence in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics and Management (STEMM)

The State shall give highest priority to the advancement of science, agro-industrial technologies, engineering, mathematics, management, artificial intelligence, quantum sciences, biotechnology, advanced manufacturing, energy, digital technologies and space science.

It shall establish a national STEMM excellence framework from basic to postgraduate education;

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a. Institutionalize early science, technology and mathematics mastery, research orientation, and innovation culture;

b. Fund world-class laboratories, research centers, and innovation hubs across Federal Regions;

c. Attract, develop, and retain top Filipino and foreign educators, scientists, engineers, and researchers.

Section 4. Industry, Employment, and Skills Alignment

Education shall be strategically integrated with:

a. Domestic industries and value chains;

b. Agriculture, manufacturing, energy, infrastructure, digital economy, healthcare, creative and defense industries;

c. National employment and industrialization plans.

The State shall mandate strong industry-academe-government collaboration, including apprenticeships, dual-training systems, internships, technology transfer, and commercialization of research.

Section 5. Federalized Education Governance

In accordance with the Federal system:

a. Federal Regions shall have primary responsibility for basic and secondary education implementation, teacher development, and local skills alignment;

b. The Federal Government shall set national standards, ensure equity, accreditation, and international competitiveness;

A National Education and Human Capital Council shall harmonize policies across Federal Regions, industry sectors, and national development strategies.

Section 6. Teachers, Faculty, and Education Leaders

The State shall ensure that teachers, professors, and academic leaders are:

a. Highly competent, continuously trained, well-compensated, and globally competitive;

b. Subject to rigorous merit-based standards, licensure, and continuing professional development;

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c. Provided with modern teaching tools, digital platforms, and research opportunities.

d. Teaching shall be recognized as a strategic national profession.

Section 7. Research, Innovation, and Knowledge Economy

The State shall promote a research-driven education system by:

a. Constitutionally guaranteeing sustained funding for research and development;

b. Encouraging patents, startups, spin-offs, and innovation ecosystems;

c. Protecting intellectual property while promoting open science and knowledge sharing.

Universities and research institutions shall serve as engines of national innovation and industrial upgrading.

Section 8. Technical, Vocational, and Lifelong Learning

The State shall strengthen technical-vocational, professional, and lifelong learning systems to ensure continuous upskilling and reskilling of the workforce.

Education shall be adaptable to technological disruption, automation, and future labor markets, ensuring no Filipino is left behind.

Section 9. Culture, Arts, and National Identity

The State shall promote, and dynamically develop excellence in Filipino culture, preserve fine heritage, languages, and arts, integrating creativity with technology, education, economic development, responsible citizenry and good governance.

Cultural education shall instill national identity, civic responsibility, discipline, creativity, global cultural competence and excellence.

Section 10. Sports, Physical Education, and Human Development

The State shall promote physical education, sports science, and athletic excellence as essential components of human development, health, discipline, and international representation.

Athletes shall be provided with world-class training, education, and post-career opportunities.

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Section 11. Digital and Open Education

The State shall institutionalize digital, blended, and open education systems, ensuring nationwide connectivity, educational technology access, and data-driven learning.

Artificial intelligence and emerging technologies shall be ethically integrated into education governance, teaching, and assessment.

Section 12. Equity, Inclusion, and National Cohesion

The State shall ensure equal educational opportunities regardless of region, economic status, gender, disability, or cultural background.

Education shall be a unifying force for national cohesion, social mobility, and inter-regional equity within the Federal Republic.

Section 13. Accountability and Performance Measurement

All education institutions and governing bodies shall be subject to:

• Transparent performance metrics;
• International benchmarking;
• Independent accreditation and public accountability.

Public funds shall be used efficiently to achieve measurable learning, employment, and innovation outcomes.

Section 14. Implementing Authority

The provisions of this Article shall be implemented by law through a coordinated Federal-Regional framework, consistent with the hybrid Presidential–Unicameral system, ensuring speed, coherence, and strategic national direction.

ARTICLE XV - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND INNOVATION

Section 1. Declaration of National Policy

1. The State shall prioritize science, technology, and innovation as fundamental instruments of national survival, economic growth, social progress, and global competitiveness.

Scientific and technological advancement shall be integral to national policy, governance, education, industry, defense, health, environmental protection, and public welfare.

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Section 2. Science and Innovation as Engines of Development

The State shall employ, develop, and promote science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and innovation as primary drivers of socioeconomic advancement.

Public policy shall ensure that scientific knowledge and technological capability are translated into:

a. Higher productivity and industrial upgrading;

b. Quality employment and global job readiness;

c. National resilience, self-reliance, and competitiveness;

d. Inclusive and sustainable development across all Regions.

Section 3. Constitutional Commitment to Advance STEMM

The State shall institutionalize advance Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics and Management (STEMM) education and research, adopting and localizing proven concepts, systems, and practices from leading scientific and technological nations.

This commitment shall include:

a. Early and continuous STEMM education from basic to postgraduate levels;

b. Emphasis on engineering, applied sciences, artificial intelligence, robotics, quantum science, biotechnology, advanced materials, energy systems, space and maritime science, and emerging technologies;

c. Integration of theory, experimentation, design, and real-world application;

Continuous curriculum modernization attuned to global scientific progress and national needs.

Section 4. National Research, Development, and Innovation System

The State shall establish a coherent, well-funded, and mission-driven National Research, Development, and Innovation System.

a. This system shall support basic, applied, and translational research;

b. Develop centers of excellence and national laboratories;

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c. Promote interdisciplinary and problem-oriented research;

d. Accelerate the commercialization and deployment of technologies.

e. Research priorities shall be aligned with national development goals, industrial strategy, and regional needs.

Section 5. Science, Technology, and Industry Integration

The State shall ensure deep integration of science and technology with industry, agriculture, infrastructure, health, services and defense.

Accordingly, the State shall:

a. Promote strong linkages among universities, research institutions, industry, and government;

b. Encourage technology transfer, startup creation, and innovation ecosystems;

c. Support engineering design, manufacturing capability, and local value creation;

d. Facilitate public–private partnerships in research and innovation.

Section 6. Federal–Regional Science and Innovation Framework

Under the Federal system:

a. The Federal Government shall set-up national science, technology, and innovation policy, standards, and strategic priorities;

b. Regional Governments shall develop region-specific innovation agendas aligned with national objectives, including science parks, innovation hubs, and applied research centers;

c. Fiscal equalization and coordination mechanisms shall ensure that all Regions benefit from scientific and technological advancement.

Section 7. Strategic Technologies and National Interest

The State shall identify, protect, and develop strategic technologies essential to national interest, public safety, and long-term competitiveness.

a. These may include energy and power systems;

b. Digital and communications technologies;

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c. Defense, aerospace, maritime, and cybersecurity technologies;

d. Health, medical, and pharmaceutical technologies;

e. Food, water, and environmental technologies.

The State may directly invest in, regulate, or lead development in such areas.

Section 8. Talent Development and Scientific Human Capital

The State shall cultivate world-class scientific and engineering talents.

a. It shall provide scholarships, fellowships, and research grants based on merit and national need;

b. Encourage scientific careers and reverse brain drain through incentives and dignified working conditions;

c. Support continuous training, reskilling, and international collaboration;

d. Recognize excellence, innovation, and contribution to national development.

Section 9. Global Scientific Cooperation and Technology Sovereignty

The State shall engage in international scientific cooperation, research partnerships, and technology exchange to accelerate national capability.

a. Such cooperation shall serve national development and security objectives;

b. Ensure fair access to knowledge and technology;

c. Prevent technological dependence that undermines sovereignty;

d. Promote Filipino participation in global scientific endeavors.

Section 10. Ethical, Responsible, and Inclusive Innovation

Scientific and technological development shall be conducted in a manner that is ethical, responsible, and inclusive.

a. The State shall uphold safety, environmental protection, and human dignity;

b. Regulate emerging technologies to prevent harm, misuse, or abuse;

c. Ensure that the benefits of innovation are broadly shared;

d. Protect intellectual property while promoting public interest and access.

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Section 11. Science, Technology, and Public Governance

The State shall employ science and technology to improve public administration, service delivery, and governance.

Evidence-based policymaking, data-driven systems, and technological innovation shall guide public decision-making, consistent with transparency, accountability, and privacy rights.

Section 12. Funding, Infrastructure, and Sustainability

The State shall ensure adequate, sustained, and protected funding for science, technology, and innovation.

a. It shall invest in laboratories, digital infrastructure, testing facilities, and research platforms;

b. Encourage private investment and philanthropy in research and innovation;

c. Ensure long-term sustainability and continuity of scientific programs.

Section 13. Public Understanding and Scientific Culture.

The State shall promote scientific literacy, curiosity, and a culture of innovation and excellence among the people.

Science communication, public engagement, and innovation education shall be strengthened to foster a rational, informed, and forward-looking society.

Section 14. Supremacy of Science, Technology, and Innovation in National Development

Science, technology, and innovation are strategic pillars of national power and prosperity.

All laws, policies, and programs shall be interpreted and implemented in favor of scientific advancement, technological capability, innovation excellence, and the full development of the Filipino people and nation.

ARTICLE XVI – ANTI POLITICAL DYNASTY AND DIRECT DEMOCRACY

TiTLE I. Anti Political Dynasty

Section 1. Declaration of Policy

The State shall guarantee equal access to public service and shall ensure that public office is a public trust. The State shall prohibit political dynasties as herein defined in order to prevent the concentration, perpetuation, and monopolization of political power, promote merit and competence, and broaden citizen participation in governance.

The State shall further institutionalize mechanisms of direct democracy to empower the people to directly propose, enact, amend, repeal, and review laws and public policies.

Section 2. Definition of Political Dynasty

For purposes of this Constitution, a political dynasty exists when persons related within the second (2nd) degree of consanguinity or affinity, whether legitimate or illegitimate, adoptive or biological, simultaneously hold or successively seek elective public office within the same political jurisdiction.

Section 3. Prohibition on Simultaneous Candidacy and Holding of Office

No person related within the second (2nd) degree of consanguinity or affinity to an incumbent elective official shall be allowed to run for or hold any elective public office within the same province, city, municipality or legislative district during the term of such incumbent.

Section 4. Prohibition on Immediate Succession

No person related within the second (2nd) degree of consanguinity or affinity to an elective official shall be allowed to immediately succeed such an official in the same position or political jurisdiction.

A cooling-off period of one (1) full elective term shall be required before such relative may run for the same position or jurisdiction.

Section 5. Scope and Fair Application

The prohibition under this Article shall apply only to elective public offices. Nothing herein shall be construed to bar qualified individuals from seeking office in a different political jurisdiction or level of government, in order to respect the people’s freedom of choice and the principle of equal opportunity.

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Section 6. Anti-Circumvention Clause

Any act, scheme, or device intended to circumvent or defeat the intent of this Article, including the use of dummy candidates, political surrogates, or coordinated resignations, shall be deemed null and void and shall constitute a ground for disqualification and perpetual disbarment from elective office, as may be determined by the proper constitutional bodies.

Section 7. Self-Executing Nature

The provisions on Anti-Political Dynasty under this Article are self-executing and shall be immediately enforceable upon ratification of this Constitution. No enabling law shall be necessary for their implementation.

TITLE II. Direct Democracy

Section 8. Sovereignty and Direct Exercise of Power

Sovereignty resides in the people. All government authorities emanate from them. The people may directly exercise legislative and political power through initiative, referendum, recall, and plebiscite, independently of the legislative and executive branches.

Section 9. People’s Initiative on Statutes

The people shall have the power to propose, enact, amend, or repeal national, federal state, regional, and local laws through initiative upon a petition of:

a. Five percent (5%) of the total registered voters for national laws;

b. Seven percent (7%) of the total registered voters for regional laws in the federal and autonomous regions, provided at least one percent (1%) of registered voters are represented in the affected provinces and independent cities.

c. Ten percent (10%) of the registered voters in the affected local government unit; province, city and municipality for local laws, provided at least one percent (1%) of registered voters are represented in every barangay unit.

Section 10. People’s Initiative on the Constitution

The people may directly propose amendments or revision to this Constitution upon a petition of at least five percent (5%) of the total number of registered voters nationwide every six (6) years.

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Section 11. Referendum

Any law, resolution, or act proposed by a citizen or registered organization may be submitted to the people for approval or rejection through referendum upon petition of the required number of voters.

Section 12. Recall of Elective Officials

The people shall have the power to recall any elective public official for loss of confidence one ( 1 ) year after an election, and at least one ( 1 ) year prior to the expiration of the term of office, in a manner that shall be simple, expeditious, and non-technical, subject only to safeguards against abuse.

Section 13. Direct Democracy in the Federal System

The powers of initiative, referendum, recall, and plebiscite shall be exercised at the national, federal and autonomous regions, provincial, city, municipal, and barangay levels over matters within their respective jurisdictions.

Section 14. Mandatory Plebiscite on Fundamental Measures

Any law or policy involving:

a. National sovereignty

b. Territorial integrity

c. Fundamental rights and freedoms

d. Federal restructuring

e. Public ownership of strategic resources

shall be subject to mandatory plebiscite.

Section 15. Safeguards and Integrity of the Process

The State shall ensure the integrity of all exercises of direct democracy through:

a. Designate the Commission on Elections offices and appropriate public places as signature collection stations

b. Secure online petition and transparent signature verification

c. Equal access to information and media including public Comelec-LGU sponsored public forums

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d. Regulation of campaign period and financing

c. Protection against fraud, coercion, and vote-buying

These safeguards shall be administered by independent constitutional bodies.

Section 16. Functions of the Commission on Elections (Comelec)

a. The Comelec shall receive petition/s filed by Filipino citizens or duly registered organizations, validate the form and substance as ministerial function, publish the same within three (3) working days to start the signature campaign;

b. The Comelec shall validate the signatures submitted by the petitioner/s and schedule forthwith the referendum or plebiscite date;

c. The Comelec shall designate its offices and other common public areas in the jurisdiction as signature gathering stations.

d. The Comelec shall undertake public information campaign on the validated petition/s in the jurisdiction within the prescribed signature campaign period.

e. The Comelec shall announce the official results of the referendum or plebiscite forthwith to become law of the land.

Section 17. Self-Executing Nature

The provisions on Direct Democracy under this Article are self-executing and shall be immediately operative upon ratification of this Constitution.

ARTICLE XVII - GENERAL PROVISIONS

Section 1. Supremacy of the Constitution

This Constitution is the supreme law of the Republic of the Philippines. All acts of the President, the Parliament, the Judiciary, the Federal and Autonomous Regions, Local Governments, and all instrumentalities of government shall conform to this Constitution.

Any law, decree, ordinance, regulation, executive issuance, or act inconsistent with this Constitution is null and void.

Section 2. Sovereignty and Democratic Authority

Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them.

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The State shall ensure that sovereignty is exercised through free, fair, regular elections; participatory governance; direct democratic mechanisms; and accountable leadership at all levels of the national, regional, and local governments.

Section 3. Republican, Democratic, and Federal Character of the State

The Philippines is a democratic, republican, and with a Federal-Presidential–Unicameral System of Government.

The President is the Head of State and Head of Government, directly and jointly elected with the Vice President by the people.

Legislative power is vested in a unicameral Parliament, headed by the Prime Minister who shall designate a Deputy Prime Minister for each region.

Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and such other lower and special courts as may be established by law.

Federal and Autonomous Regions shall exercise self-governance within the framework of this Constitution, subject to the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and supremacy of the National Government.

Section 4. Civilian Supremacy and Constitutional Order

Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military and all uniformed services.

The Armed Forces of the Philippines, the Philippine National Police, the Philippine Coast Guard, and other uniformed services shall be professional, non-partisan, and subordinate to the Constitution and the duly constituted civilian authorities of the National Government.

They shall serve the people and defend the Republic, not any political party, faction, or individual.

Section 5. Public Office as a Public Trust

Public office is a public trust.

All public officers and employees, whether in the National Government, Parliament, Regional Governments, Autonomous Regions, or Local Governments, must at all times be accountable to the people, serve with integrity, loyalty, efficiency, transparency, and patriotism, and lead modest lives.

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Section 6. Integrity, Accountability, and Anti-Corruption

The State adopts a zero-tolerance policy against corruption, graft, abuse of power, political patronage, and all forms of dishonesty in public service.

An independent, strengthened, and adequately funded national integrity system shall be maintained to prevent, investigate, and prosecute corruption in all branches and levels of government, including regional and local governments.

Section 7. National Unity in Diversity

The State shall promote national unity in diversity, respect the distinct cultures, traditions, and identities of its peoples, and ensure the full integration of all regions, Indigenous Peoples, Bangsamoro, and cultural communities into national life.

Federalism shall not be used to weaken national unity, but to strengthen the Republic through empowered regions within a united nation.

The Parliament shall legislate a standard Organic Act for the federal and autonomous Regions subject to further legislative action by the regional councils as provided for under this Constitution.

Section 8. Supremacy of the National Government in Reserved Powers

The National Government shall retain exclusive authority over national defense, foreign affairs, currency and monetary policy, citizenship, immigration, customs, national security, and the protection of territorial integrity.

Powers not expressly reserved to the National Government by this Constitution may be exercised by the Federal and Autonomous Regions as provided by law, subject to national standards.

Section 9. Strategic Governance and Long-Term National Planning

The State shall pursue strategic, long-term, science-based, and evidence-driven national development planning to ensure sustainable growth, social justice, national security, technological advancement, and environmental protection.

A permanent National Strategic Planning and Foresight Commission shall be established by law to ensure continuity of national direction beyond political terms and electoral cycles.

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Section 10. Digital Government, Innovation, and Technology Governance

The State shall promote digital transformation, e-governance, innovation, and emerging technologies to improve public service delivery, transparency, efficiency, and citizen participation.

The State shall ensure data privacy, cybersecurity, digital inclusion, and ethical use of artificial intelligence and automation, in accordance with human rights, national security, and the public interest.

Section 11. Transparency and the Right to Information

Subject to reasonable limitations prescribed by law, the people shall have full and timely access to information on matters of public concern.

The State shall institutionalize open government, proactive disclosure, open data systems, and transparent governance practices in the National Government, Parliament, Regional Governments, and Local Governments.

Section 12. National Resilience, Disaster Preparedness, and Climate Security

The State shall establish a modern integrated hazard warning system for national disaster resilience, risk reduction, climate change adaptation, public health preparedness, emergency and crisis management.

The protection of life, livelihood, infrastructure, and continuity of governance in times of emergency shall be a paramount duty of the National Government, with the cooperation of the regions and local governments.

Section 13. Conduct of Foreign Relations

The conduct of foreign relations is vested in the President and shall be guided by national sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence, and the protection of the Filipino people, including Overseas Filipinos.

The State shall pursue an independent, balanced, and principled foreign policy and shall not allow foreign powers to dictate national policy.

Section 14. Treaties and International Agreements

No treaty, international agreement, or executive agreement shall be valid and effective unless consistent with this Constitution and ratified or concurred in as provided by law.

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International commitments shall always serve the national interest and welfare of the Filipino people.

Section 15. Prohibition of Secession and Defense of the Republic

The unity, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of the Republic are inviolable.

Secession, rebellion aimed at dismemberment, or any act to establish a separate state is strictly prohibited and shall be punished in accordance with law.

Federalism and autonomy shall never be construed as a right to secede. Secession is strictly prohibited, and any action directly or indirectly initiated will be punished with the full force of the law.

Section 16. Protection of National Patrimony and Strategic Assets

The State shall protect, conserve, and develop the national patrimony, natural resources, strategic industries, and critical infrastructure.

The utilization of national resources shall be primarily for the benefit of the Filipino people, subject to constitutional and legal safeguards.

Section 17. National Symbols, Identity, and Civic Values

The State shall preserve, protect, and promote the national flag, anthem, seal, currency, official documents and other symbols of national identity.

The State shall standardize the design of Philippine currency using Presidential images starting with the first President of the Republic in the one peso coin and successors in the currency denominations issued.

The State shall strengthen Filipino identity, patriotism, discipline, and civic responsibility through education and public programs.

Section 18. Constitutional Fidelity and Civic Education

All public officers, employees and citizens shall swear an oath to uphold and defend this Constitution.

The State shall provide mandatory constitutional and civic education in all schools and training institutions to cultivate democratic values, promote national unity, constitutional loyalty, citizenship, cultural and individual excellence.

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Section 19. Implementing Legislation

The Parliament shall enact all laws necessary to fully, faithfully, and effectively implement this Article. No law shall diminish, dilute, or circumvent the principles and policies enshrined herein.

ARTICLE XVIII - AMENDMENT OR REVISION

Section 1. Forms of Constitutional Change

This Constitution may be amended or revised through:

a. Constituent Assembly;

b. Constitutional Convention;

c. People’s Initiative and Referendum; or

d. People-Initiated Constitutional Assembly as provided by law.

Amendment refers to a partial change, while revision refers to a substantial or structural change affecting the basic principles, form, or system of government.

Section 2. Constituent Assembly

The Parliament, sitting as a Constituent Assembly, may propose amendments or revisions upon a three-fourths (3/4) vote of all its Members.

In matters affecting:

a. The federal structure,

b. Powers of the regions, or

c. Revenue sharing arrangements,

A majority vote of all Regional Council representatives shall likewise be required.

Section 3. Constitutional Convention

A Constitutional Convention may be called by:

a. Two-thirds (2/3) vote of all Members of Parliament; or

b. Majority vote of Parliament, subject to ratification by the people in a plebiscite.

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The election, composition, and operation of the Convention shall ensure broad representation of regions, sectors, and marginalized groups as provided by law.

Section 4. People’s Initiative and Referendum

The people may directly propose amendments or revisions through initiative, upon petition of at least:

a. Five percent (5%) of the total number of registered voters nationwide;

b. Seven percent (7%) of the total number of registered voters of the region with at least one percent (1%) in every province and independent city covered;

c. Ten percent (10%) of the registered voters in local government units i.e. province, city, municipality and barangay with at least one percent (1%) in every local government unit covered by the petition.

No national and regional initiative shall be allowed to be filed with the Commission on Elections:

a. Within three (3) years following the ratification of this Constitution; or

b. Within one (1) year after an election, or nine (1) months before an election in a jurisdiction.

c. More often than once every three (3) years in a jurisdiction between election periods thereafter.

The exercise of people’s initiative shall be self-executing, and no law shall limit, impair, or delay its implementation.

Section 5. People-Initiated Constitutional Assembly

A People-Initiated Constitutional Assembly may be convened upon the petition of at least:

a. Five percent (5%) of registered voters nationwide for national legislations;

b. Seven percent (7%) of registered voters in the region with at least one (1%) percent from every province and independent city covered;

c. Ten percent (10%) of registered voters in the local government unit, with at least one percent (1%) in every barangay covered by the petition;

Such Constituent Assembly shall be:

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a. Composed of elected legislative district and sectoral members of Parliament;

b. The Members of Parliament shall constitute themselves as Constituent Assembly delegates, with distinct and specific constitutional mandate; and

c. Have the power to propose comprehensive constitutional revisions.

d. Constitutional amendment or revision is approved with a three fourths majority (3/4) votes of the delegates.

Section 6. Federal and Regional Safeguards

Any amendment or revision affecting:

a. Federal structure;

b. Powers of Regions,

c. Autonomous Regions, or Local Governments;

d. Revenue sharing and fiscal arrangements;

e. Natural resource ownership and management; or

f. Territorial integrity of regions shall require:

Ratification by the majority of the national electorate, and

Approval by the majority of voters in the affected Region. This dual requirement ensures national unity and regional consent.

Section 7. Mandatory Plebiscite

All amendments or revisions shall take effect only upon ratification by the people in a plebiscite within the jurisdiction, held not earlier than sixty (60) days nor later than one hundred twenty (120) days after approval.

The plebiscite shall be free, transparent, and fully audited;

a. Supported by equal public access to information and debate;

b. The Commission on Elections shall designate its offices and other public areas as signature collection stations;

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c. The Commission on Elections shall convene public discussions in local government units and designated public areas within thirty days (30) upon submission of compliant petition.

Section 8. Constitutional Core and Entrenched Principles

The following principles are entrenched and may not be amended except by Constitutional Convention or People’s Initiative jointly:

a. Sovereignty of the Filipino people

b. Republican, democratic and federal character of the State

c. Territorial integrity and national unity

d. Bill of Rights and fundamental freedoms

e. Civilian supremacy over the military

f. Separation and balance of powers

No amendment shall authorize secession, fragmentation of the Republic, and surrender of sovereignty.

Section 9. Prohibition Against Self-Serving Amendments

No amendment or revision shall:

a. Extend the term of incumbent elective national and local officials;

b. Remove term limits for incumbents; or

c. Alter qualifications to benefit current officeholders.

Any such proposal is null and void.

Section 10. Periodic Constitutional Review

A Constitutional Review Commission shall be convened every twenty five (25) years to assess:

a. Institutional performance,

b. Social justice outcomes,

c. Federal balance,

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d. Democratic participation, and

c. National development impact.

Its recommendations shall be submitted to the people for consideration through initiative or legislative action.

Section 11. Civic Education and Public Participation

The State shall ensure:

a. Mandatory constitutional education in schools and public institutions;

b. Open public consultations prior to any amendment or revision;

c. Access to all draft proposals, studies, and records.

Public participation is a constitutional right, not a privilege.

Section 12. Implementing Law

Parliament shall enact an Organic Constitutional Development Act to:

a. Operationalize this Article,

b. Protect the integrity of the amendment or revision process, and

c. Prevent manipulation, coercion, or fraud.

d. Provide a standard organic act to serve as reference framework for federal and autonomous regions.

ARTICLE XIX - TRANSITORY PROVISIONS

Section 1. Continuity of the State

The Federal Republic of the Philippines shall remain one, sovereign, indivisible State.

This Constitution shall not be construed to authorize secession, dismemberment, or fragmentation of the Republic.

All existing laws, treaties, and international obligations not inconsistent with this Constitution shall remain in force until amended or repealed.

Section 2. Effectivity of This Constitution

This Constitution shall take effect immediately upon ratification by the people in a national plebiscite, except as otherwise provided herein.

Section 3. Transition to Federal-Presidential–Unicameral System of Government

Upon ratification:

• The President and Vice President shall continue in office until the expiration of their terms, unless otherwise provided by law.
• The House of Representatives and Senate shall be abolished upon ratification, and election or assumption of office of the Interim Members of Parliament.
• The Members of the House of Representatives shall serve their unexpired terms as members of the Interim Parliament representing their respective legislative districts or sectors.
• The members of the Senate shall serve their unexpired terms as Interim Members of Parliament, representing the sector of their choice. Alternately, they can be designated as Interim Regional Governor or Vice Governor by the President.
• The first Parliamentary elections shall be held within eighteen (18) months from ratification of this Constitution, or as scheduled by the Commission on Elections with the 2028 National Elections.

The President shall remain Head of State and Government during the transition.

Section 4. Establishment of the First Parliament

The first Parliament shall be constituted in accordance with this Constitution and shall include 330 members:

a. 254 Legislative District Representatives; and

b. 76 Sectoral Representatives or 30% of seats in Parliament as defined in this Constitution.

c. Sectoral Representatives shall be classified in ten (10) defined sectors.

d. Sectoral Representatives must have meaningfully engaged in the sector for at least three (3) years prior to election as sectoral representative;

d. The Prime Minister shall be elected by the majority members upon convening of Parliament in accordance with this Constitution;

e. The Prime Minister shall designate a Deputy Prime Minister for each of the Federal and Autonomous Regions;

f. The Prime Minister shall create Committees to assume planning, coordination and oversight responsibilities on executive departments agencies and government owned and controlled corporations;

g. Members of Parliament shall not engage in any commercial or business dealings, directly or indirectly, with any executive department, agency, government owned and controlled corporation or institutions imbued with public funds;

h. Overseas Filipinos domiciled in specified geographic areas shall elect a representative as Member of Parliament;

1. Africa

2. Asia: East Asia

3. Asia: Southwest Asia including Middle East

4. Asia: Southeast Asia

5. Europe – Western

6. Europe – Eastern including Russia

7. Maritime and Mobile Workers

8. North America: US East Coast including Caribbean Islands

9. North America: US West Coast including Alaska and Hawaii

10. North America: US Middle States including Canada

11. Oceania including Pacific Islands

12. South and Central America including Mexico

i. Filipino citizens of good standing with dual citizenship, who are domiciled overseas and acclaimed leaders of Filipino communities are qualified to serve as Members of Parliament.

Section 5. Formation of Federal and Autonomous Regions

Within three ( 3 ) years from ratification:

a. The Federal and Autonomous Regions established by this Constitution shall be formally organized and governed under a standard Organic Law, subject to amendments by their respective Regional Councils;

b. Regional Governments shall be organized, selected and elected to coincide with the 2028 National Elections;

c. Regional Constitutions emanating from the amended Organic Law consistent with this Constitution shall be adopted.

The National Government shall provide administrative, fiscal, and technical assistance during the transition.

Section 6. Revenue Sharing and Fiscal Transition

The revenue sharing scheme provided in this Constitution shall be phased in over three (3) fiscal years to ensure stability, extendable annually up to a maximum of six (6) fiscal years as determined by Parliament.

During the transition:

a. The National Government shall guarantee uninterrupted delivery of basic services;

b. No Region or Local Government Unit shall suffer diminution of existing fiscal entitlements.

Section 7. Transition of the Judiciary

The Judiciary shall remain independent and intact.

All courts, judges, and personnel shall continue in office under existing laws until reorganized pursuant to this Constitution.

No judicial officer shall be removed except for cause and in accordance with law.

Section 8. Transition of Constitutional Commissions and Independent Bodies

All Constitutional Commissions and independent offices shall continue to function until reorganized or reconstituted pursuant to this Constitution.

Their mandates shall be harmonized with the federal structure within three (3) years from ratification.

Section 9. Continuity of the Armed Forces, Police and Coast Guard

The Armed Forces of the Philippines, Philippine National Police, and Philippine Coast Guard shall remain national in scope and character.

Their organization, command, and control shall not be fragmented or devolved. Civilian supremacy and the chain of command shall be preserved.

Section 10. Transition of Local Government Units

Existing Local Government Units shall continue to function until:

a. Regional Governments are fully operational; and

b. The Local Government Code and Mandanas ruling is harmonized with this Constitution.

No Local Government Unit shall be abolished without plebiscite.

Section 11. Transition of Civil Service and Public Officers

All public officers and employees shall continue in office unless removed for cause.

ANNEXES

About Us

The People’s Constitutional Reform Initiative (PCRI) is a multi-sectoral alliance of informed and patriotic citizens committed to principled constitutional reform. We believe that enduring national progress requires structural transformation grounded in law, accountability, and democratic participation.

In response to the evolving challenges of governance, economic development, social justice, and national unity, we advance constitutional change that strengthens institutions, empowers local governments, ensures equitable regional growth, and safeguards the sovereignty of the Filipino people.

Our objective is to establish a strong, just, and progressive Federal Republic of the Philippines, anchored on subsidiarity, transparency, rule of law, and shared national responsibility.

This 2026 People’s Constitution is offered in faithful service to the Republic and to future generation of Filipinos.

So help us God.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

• Homobono Adaza
• Rita Gadi – Baltazar
• Irene Bencito
• Raul Concepcion
• Leo Hernandez
• Dante V. Liban
• Consuelo L. Lopez
• Emmanuel SD Lopez
• Hermilando Mandanas
• Roy A. Padilla Jr.
• Wilfredo Quitiongco
• Joaquin Rodriguez
• Nilo Tayag
• Fidel B. Villanueva
• Pablito M. Villegas

OFFICIAL LIST OF PCRI CONVENORS

• Reuben Abante
• Kristine Mangubat-Abeleda
• Homobono Adaza
• Wilson C. Amad
• Dexter Amoroso
• Remigio Antiporda
• Jose B. Antonio
• Edward Dennis J. Arca
• Ariel Joseph Arias
• Godofredo V. Arquiza
• Rita Gadi-Baltazar
• Victoria Bataclan
• Romy Bayhon
• Edith Cabal-Bayhon
• Irene Bencito
• Roy Cabonegro
• Allan L. Caddarao
• Alberto Chico
• Johnny Chotrani
• Raul S. Concepcion
• Allan Cos
• Elias Crisostomo
• Ramil S. Cueto
• Amir Omar Daligdig
• Beth L. De Leon
• Florentino Enrile
• Kennedy Feria
• Edwin Fernandez
• Jay Fideli A. Francisco
• Macaombao L. Galo
• Crisiljefv G. Garrido
• Leo Hernandez
• Abraham Idjirani
• Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram
• 93
• Jose L. Leonidas
• Dante V. Liban
• Consuelo L. Lopez
• Emmanuel SD Lopez, Lead Convenor
• Melchor Magdamo
• Gigi Malonzo
• Gerry Manalili
• Hermilando Mandanas
• Marlon Mendoza
• Melanie Mercado
• Alfred Merejilla
• Gloman Merritt
• Jose Montemayor
• Mark T. Narboneta
• Marvin T. Narboneta
• Rey Nicolas
• Roy A. Padilla Jr.
• Roy Kuatro Padilla IV
• Bangcula T. Pangkoh
• Tito Titus Perez
• Noe Primavera
• Frumencio Pulgar
• Eduardo Quintos IX
• Willie Quitiongco
• Ma. Victoria D. Rivera
• Joaquin Rodriguez
• Ligaya Linsangan Santos
• Ike Seneres
• Arwin A. Serrano
• Antonio L. Tan
• Roger Raelian Tan
• Nilo Tayag
• Almarin C. Tillah
• Fidel Benigno B. Villanueva IV
• Pablito M. Villegas
• Rafael Wasan
• John Dulawen Ya-O
• 94

PARTIAL LIST OF PCRI DELEGATES

• Willy R. Ang
• Edilberto C. Angeles
• Felicisimo D. Artajos
• Christina Aliada
• Bennet Amoroso
• Susan Amoroso
• Jose Balagtas
• Rafael Barroso
• Cresencio G. Batin
• Bobby Brillante
• Edwin Bustillos
• Lilibeth Cabuco
• Susana Pacheco-Chavez
• Filipina Corpuz
• Franky Corpuz
• Neil S. Flores
• Lolita Gattuc
• Jocelyn De Guzman
• Wendell Fernandez
• Peter Fines
• Bert Hashimoto
• Fredie A. Maiguez
• Danilo B. Mangahas
• Sure Manuel
• Dominador Manzano
• Waiman M. Ng
• Magdaleno B. Palacol Jr
• Danilo D. Ramos
• Aijhun Jasmine Maalawai M. Rebleza
• Victor Salonga
• Ferdinand T. Tuzara
• Mary Josen Valiente
• Edgar Zamora

95

LIST OF RESOURCE PERSONS 

• Louie Biraogo
• Jonathan Cabal
• Clarita Carlos
• Domingo Cayosa
• Orion Dumdum
• Rey Malonzo
• Andres P. Mago
• Emmanuel B. Ocampo
• Alfredo Pascual
• Prospero Pitchay
• Reynato Puno
• Alfonso Puyat
• Aristeo Puyat
• John Rana
• Eufemio Rasco
• Eliseo Rio
• Jose Roy III
• Abdul Kahar M. Salik
• Francisco S. Tatad
• Edmund Tayao
• Amado Valdez

96

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